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BIO1339 - Cell > Fungal Cell Biology > Flashcards

Fungal Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What % of all angiosperm plants form a mycorrhizal symbiosis with fungi?

A

95%

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2
Q

What relation do 95% of angiosperms plants form with fungi?

A

Mycorrhizal symbiosis

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3
Q

What do many fungi grow as?

A

Single-celled yeasts

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4
Q

What are the forms of growth in fungal?

A
  • Yeasts
  • Hyphae
  • Pseudohypha
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5
Q

What are yeast cells?

A

Uni-cellular, often round

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6
Q

What are hyphae cells?

A

Multi-cellular and elongated

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7
Q

Do yeast and hyphae fungi grow similar or differently?

A

Differently

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8
Q

Can fungi switch between morphological states?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What can be useful for fungal to infect?

A

Dimorphisms

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10
Q

How does dimorphism relate to pathogenicity of Candidia albicans?

A 
Adhesion and colonisation:
-Yeast cell attach to cell surface
-Switch to hyphae 
Hyphal generation and invasion 
Vascular dissemination
-Switch back to yeast cells
-Swim around blood
Endothelial colonisation and penetration
-Switch back to hyphae
-Invade the tissue
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11
Q

What does fungi switching between forms allow in host body?

A

Distribution around the body

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12
Q

What are he two major growths of fungi?

A
  • Yeast cells

- Hyphae

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13
Q

Where are enzymes that support growth?

A

Growth region

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14
Q

What are types of enzymes that support growth of fungi?

A
  • Chitin synthase (Mcs1)

- Plasma membrane (Sso1)

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15
Q

What is pseudohyphae growth of a fungi?

A
  • Elongate
  • Pear-like string of yeast cells
  • Don’t separate
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16
Q

How do vesicles reach growth region?

A

Via actin and microtubules

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17
Q

What do fungal require to be delivered to growth region for fungal growth?

A

Vesicles

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18
Q

Does yeast-cells require actin or microtubule for delivery of vesicles to growth region?

A

Actin

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19
Q

Does hyphae cells require actin or microtubules for delivery of vesicles to growth region?

A

Short and long actin

Long microtubules

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20
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton in budding yeast:

A
  • Actin-patches (concentrated at budding)

- Actin-cables (delivers vesicles to growth region where they fuse with plasma membrane)

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21
Q

Describe the cytoskeleton in hyphae:

A
  • Long microtubules (support range of transport and arrange of protofilaments, providing bending-resistance)
  • Long F-actin (not as straight)
  • Actin patches (concentrated at the tip)
22
Q

What do fungal motors support along the cytoskeleton?

A

Motility

23
Q

What fungal motors do fungi contain to aid motility along the cytoskeleton?

A
  • 10 classes of kinesins
  • 1 type of dynein
  • 4 classes of myosin
24
Q

Which end of the microtubule do dynein transport materials to?

A

Negative end

25
Q

Which end of the microtubule do kinesis transport materials to?

A

Positive end

26
Q

What does microtubules in hyphae allow?

A

Long-range of transport

27
Q

What is an apical body involved in?

A

Hyphae growth

28
Q

What is another name for apical body?

A

Spitzenkorper

29
Q

What do Spitzenkorper consist of?

A

Vesicles

30
Q

What do Spitzenkorper serve as?

A

Vesicle supply centre

31
Q

What does Spitzenkorper enable?

A

Polarised growth

32
Q

Why is polarised growth required?

A

To reach food supply and colonise substrate

33
Q

How do Spitzenkorper serve as a vesicle supply centre?

A
  • Transport of vesicle along the cytoskeleton
  • Storage of vesicles in the Spitzenkorper
  • Release and fusion with plasma membrane
34
Q

What do Spitzenkorper contain?

A
  • Secretory vesicles

- Endocytotic recycling vesicles

35
Q

What determines hyphae growth?

A

Rate of vesicle release and motility of Spitzenkorper

36
Q

What is a problem of multi-cellularity in hyphae cell?

A

If one dies, they all dies

37
Q

What solves the hyphae cell problem of ‘if one dies, they all dies’?

A

Woronin bodies

38
Q

What do Woronin bodies do?

A

Isolate damaged hyphal cells

39
Q

Where are Woronin bodies concentrated?

A

Around septal pore

40
Q

What do Woronin bodies self-assemble into?

A

Crystalline assembly

41
Q

What are Woronin bodies?

A

Peroxisome-derived organelles that contain crystals of self-assembled Hex1 protein

42
Q

What are fruiting bodies?

A

Mushrooms

43
Q

What doe mushrooms release for reproduction?

A

Fungal spores

44
Q

What is the organisation of basidiomycete?

A
  • Caps
  • Gills
  • Basidia with spores
45
Q

What is a problem with basidiomycete reproduction?

A

Spores are deep in cap

46
Q

What is the mechanism of spore discharge in basidiomycete?

A
  • Two water droplets are formed on surface spore due to secretory of mannitol and other hygroscopic sugars
  • Two water droplets = Adaxial drop and Bullers drop
  • Bullers drop increases in size due to recruitment of atmospheric water
  • Fusion of drops cause sudden change of centre of gravity creating a propulsive force
  • Release of spore
  • Wind takes it away
47
Q

What is the discharge distance of a basidiomycete spore?

A

Few millimeter

48
Q

How many spores are released from a single mushroom per second?

A

3000

49
Q

How do ascomycete fungi release their spores?

A
  • Perithecium contain ascus which holds spore
  • Internal pressure building –> turgor pressure up to 100-700kPa
  • Cell upon up at the tip and shoots the spore out
50
Q

How do mold fungi release massive numbers of spore into the air?

A

Wind/touch

51
Q

Which causes the action of basidiomycete distribution?

A

Rain splash

BIO1339 - Cell (9 decks)

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