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BIO1339 - Cell > Prokaryote Cell Biology > Flashcards

Prokaryote Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define organnelles:

A

Structure or part that is enclosed within its own membrane inside a cell and has a particular function

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2
Q

Where can you find organelles?

A

In eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Are organelles present in prokaryotes?

A

In general no, but some do contain structure considered to be organelles

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4
Q

What are different structures in a prokaryote?

A

-Cell wall
-Ribosomes
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Nucleoid
-Flagellum
Pili

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5
Q

What are examples of photosynthetic bacteria?

A
  • Green filamentous
  • Proteobacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
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6
Q

What do Green filamentous, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria contain?

A

Intracytoplasmic membrane
Thylakoid membrane compartments
Chlorosome compartments

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7
Q

What do Green filamentous, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria have in common other than similar structures?

A

Maximise their efficiency of photosynthesis by…

  • Increasing number of photosynthetic protein complexes
  • Maximise size of light-exposed membrane surface
  • Provide an idealised sub cellular environment for photosynthesis
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8
Q

What are are planctomycetes considered to be?

A

true bacteria that contain a nuclear envelope

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9
Q

Does Planctomycetes show clear compartmentalisation?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What is planctomycetes DNA surrounded by?

A

Double-lipid bilayer

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11
Q

What are magnetotactic bacterial?

A
  • Navigate along magnetic field

- Detect magnetic field

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12
Q

Who first found the magnetotatic bacterium?

A

Richard Blakemore in 1975

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13
Q

Are magnetotactic bacteria Gram-negative or Gram-positive?

A

Gram-negative

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14
Q

What does a magnetotactic bacteria contain?

A

-magnetosomes

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15
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A
  • Crystals of an iron mineral

- Magnetic

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16
Q

What do bacteria use magnetosomes for?

A

Magnetotaxis

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17
Q

What do magnetosomes detect?

A

Field lines of the earth

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18
Q

How Manu magnetosomes are in one chain?

A

15-20

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19
Q

What are the chemical name and formula of the two types of magnetosomes?

A
  • Iron oxide = Fe3O4

- Iron sulfide =Fe3S4

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20
Q

How are magnetosomes formed?

A
  • Invagination of cytoplasmic membrane (iron pumped into periplasmic and captured in invagination)
  • Accumulation of ferrous irons
  • Nucleation of magneto some formation
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21
Q

What is organising the magnetosome chain?

A

MamK

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22
Q

What is MamK?

A

Actin-like protein that forms filaments

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23
Q

What are different F-actin like fibres in prokaryotes?

A 
MamK
ParM
AlfA
Alp7A
AlfA
MreB
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24
Q

What the function of MreB?

A

Cell shape

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25
Q

What is the function of MamK?

A

Organelle assembly and positioning

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26
Q

What is the function of ParM?

A

Plasmid Segregation

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27
Q

What is the function of Alp7A?

A

Cellular entering of nucleoid

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28
Q

What is the function of AlfA?

A

Plasmid segregation

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29
Q

How identical MreB to Actin?

A

15%

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30
Q

How identical is ParM to Actin?

A

12%

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31
Q

How identical is ParM to MreB?

A

11%

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32
Q

How are eukaryotic F-actin and prokaryotic actin-like similar?

A

In fold
Both bind to ATP
Both polymerise

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33
Q

What are MreB and Mdl1 involved in?

A

Bacterial morphogenesis

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34
Q

What is a characteristic of ParM?

A

Dynamic

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35
Q

How are ParM dynamic?

A
  • Polymerisation of ATP-bound ParM at both ends
  • ATP-hydrolysis occur spontaneously
  • Unstable filament when ParM-ADP is at the end
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36
Q

What are characteristics of ParM filaments?

A

Segregate plasmids

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37
Q

How do ParM filaments segregate plasmids?

A
  • ParM binds to centromeric DNA-sequence
  • ParM polymerises and binds to ParR
  • Filament elongation separates the plasmids
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38
Q

What is a distant prokaryotic tubule analogue?

A

FtsZ

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39
Q

How much sequence identity does tubule and FtsZ share?

A

10-18%

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40
Q

What are common features between tubule dimer and FtsZ dimer?

A
  • GTPase activity that controls polymerisation
  • Formation of protofilaments
  • Similar fold
41
Q

What forms a ring at the cell cleavage site?

A

FtsZ

42
Q

What effect fo a mutant FtsZ have on cell separation?

A

Prevents cell from separating

43
Q

What does FtsZ support?

A

Bacterial cytokinesis

44
Q

What foes FtsZ form in living Archaea cells?

A

Filaments

45
Q

Why is bacteria being small a problem?

A

Can not sense nutrient gradient along their cell

46
Q

How do bacteria swim for to find their food source?

A

Via

  • random motility
  • directed motility
47
Q

What is not sufficient to move prokaryotic cells around?

A

Random Browninan motion

48
Q

Are prokaryotes actively or passively moving through or over surfaces?

A

Activelt

49
Q

What are the modes of motility in prokaryotes?

A
  • Swimming
  • Swarming
  • Gliding
  • Twitching
50
Q

Do swarming occur in or on the surfaces?

A

On the surfaces

51
Q

What is the rate that a bacterium swims?

A

25-160 micrometer per second

52
Q

What works together to propel the cell forward?

A

Several flagella

53
Q

What are flagella?

A

Protein assembled to rotate

54
Q

What is motility driven by?

A

Basal motor

55
Q

What does a basal motor use to rotate the flagellum?

A

Proton gradient

56
Q

How many rotations does flagella rotate per second?

A

100-300 rotations per second

57
Q

Can flagella switch in direct?

A

Yes

58
Q

What is gliding motility?

A
  • Surface-attached motility
  • Independently development mechanisms
  • Some rate over secreted adhesion proteins
  • Polysaccharide secretion might underly motility
59
Q

What is twitching motility?

A
  • Use of pilus structure
  • Pilin secretion or degradation changes the length of the type IV pilus
  • Change in length can be used for slow gliding over surfaces
60
Q

What is a type of secretion-based motility?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is a types of puli-based motility?

A

Twitching

62
Q

What is the average rate of gliding motility?

A

2-5 micrometers per second

63
Q

How many pili per cell?

A

100-1000

64
Q

How long are the pili?

A

1-2 micrometres long

65
Q

How wide are the pili?

A

2-8 nanometers

66
Q

What is a pilus?

A

Straight and relatively rigid cell extensions

67
Q

What aids DNA exchange between cells and surface adhesion?

A

Pili

68
Q

Why are pili dynamic?

A

They can retract and grow

69
Q

What are twitching motility used for?

A

Form colonies

70
Q

Does Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria have complex protein translocation machines?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

71
Q

How do bacteria infect a host?

A

Attaching to surfaces and trigger there uptake by phagocytosis

72
Q

How many different secretion systems known?

A

6

73
Q

What secretion system injects proteins?

A

Type 3 and type 6

74
Q

How many proteins are there involved in secretion system?

A

15-30 proteins

75
Q

What is type 3 secretion system not used for?

A

motility

76
Q

What do rotation motor of flagella and type III secretion system share?

A

Both assemblies share homologous proteins

77
Q

What does bacteria injecting components into host cells interfere with?

A

Cellular processes and suppress host defences

78
Q

What is induces secretion of bacteria components?

A

Contact with host or abiotic factors

79
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Oxygen
Calcium changes
Temperature changes

80
Q

Wha do ring proteins assemble into (in relation to bacteria infecting host cells)?

A

Needle

81
Q

What is the size of the ring of proteins?

A

4nm

82
Q

What can be transported through the lumen of the needle?

A

Chemical/proteins (Effectors/toxins)

83
Q

How are needles form?

A

ATP cleavage
Subunits get transported through channel
Build needle

84
Q

What are various modification of the host cell can occur due to material transported through needle?

A

Cytoskeleton
Cell cycle
Apoptosis
Transcription

85
Q

How does bacteria force the host cell to take them up?

A

Bacterial inject proteins into host cell and manipulate the actin cytoskeleton = forces uptake

86
Q

How many type III secretion systems needles are found in a singular bacterium cell?

A

10-100

87
Q

What causes acute inflammation in epithelia lining of colon?

A

Bacteria infection

88
Q

What are consequences of bacteria infecting of epithelial lining of the colon?

A

Acute inflammation

89
Q

How does the bacteria infect epithelial lining of the colon causing inflammation in the host cell?

A

By entering host cell cytoplasm and spreading inter cellularly

90
Q

What is moving the cells?

A

Tail formed at rear ends of bacteria during moving

91
Q

What is the tail consisting of at the movement of bacteria?

A

Fibres of F-actin

92
Q

What experiments shows bacteria use of host actin to move in the host cytosol?

A
  • Purify G-actin and add to reaction tube with bacteria

- Observe bacteria and look to see if it can move inside reaction tube

93
Q

What do in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate about tails of cytosolic bacteria?

A

Consist of F-actin

94
Q

What helps move the bacteria through the host cell and across cell barrier?

A

Polar polymerisation of host actin

95
Q

What does Listeria ActA resemble?

A

Host protein that triggers actin polymerisation

96
Q

What do bacteria use to make an actin “comet tail”?

A

Endogenous machinery

97
Q

What activates actin polymerisation in host cells to aid bacterium motility?

A

Polar bacterial proteins

98
Q

What evidence showed that ActA mediates motility?

A
  • Point mutation
  • Lactase beads coated in ActA purified from bacteria
  • ATP and Actin and other comments all put into reaction tube
  • If ActA mediates motility beads will be “shooting” around
99
Q

What does movement of bacterium allows mergence of?

A

Host cells

BIO1339 - Cell (9 decks)

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