Virology + Dengue + HIV

Question 1

varicella-zoster virus (VCV) transmission

Answer 1

spreads mainly through close contact with someone who has chickenpox

Question 2

VCV: do NOT use ______ to relieve fever

Answer 2

aspirin products

Question 3

VCV prevention
Passive:
Active:

Answer 3

Passive: Varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG)

Active: live attenuated

Question 4

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission

Answer 4

body fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk

Question 5

CMV complications

Answer 5

• hepatitis

- babies: vision loss, hearing loss, etc

Question 6

Measles, rubella, mumps: prevention?

Answer 6

measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine

Question 7

Hep A transmission

Answer 7

fecal-oral
food-borne
sexually transmitted

Question 8

Hep A: self-limiting?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Hep B transmission

Answer 9

Sexually transmitted
Blood
IV drug abuse
Other body fluids

Question 10

Hep B: ____ infection common

Answer 10

chronic

Question 11

Hep E: self-limiting?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

Febrile phase in dengue:

• typically develop ________ suddenly
• s&s: ________
• ________ & ________ bleeding may also be seen
• +ve ________ increase probability of dengue

Answer 12

• typically develop high grade fever suddenly
• s&s: facial flushing, generalised body ache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, etc
• petechiae & mucosal membrane bleeding may also be seen
• +ve tourniquet test increase probability of dengue

Question 13

Critical phase in dengue:

• Increasing haematocrit levels may occur = ________
• Usually lasts ________ hrs
• Check for warning signs (Eg. ________ /________ )

Answer 13

• Increasing haematocrit levels may occur = plasma leakage
• Usually lasts 24-48 hrs
• Check for warning signs (Eg. pleural effusion/ascites)

Question 14

Warning signs of dengue

Answer 14

• abdominal pain or tenderness
• persistent vomiting
• mucosal bleed
• lethargy, restlessness
• liver enlargement >2cm

Question 15

Patient is considered to have a shock if:

• Children: Pulse pressure is ≤ _____mmHg
• Signs of poor capillary perfusion (cold extremities, _____ capillary refill, or _____ pulse rate)

Answer 15

Patient is considered to have a shock if:

Pulse pressure is ≤ 20mmHg in children
Signs of poor capillary perfusion (cold extremities, delayed capillary refill, or rapid pulse rate)

Question 16

Blood tests required for dengue

Answer 16

• WCC
• Platelet
• Baseline haematocrit

Question 17

Diagnostic tests required for dengue

Answer 17

• PCR to look for dengue virus (send blood in FBC blood tube)
• Serum for POCT (dengue duo)
• Serum for dengue antibody testing

Question 18

HIV transmission routes

Answer 18

• Unprotected sex
• Blood transfusion
• IV drug abusers
• Mother to child

Question 19

HIV targets what cell type?

Answer 19

Dendritic cells in the mucosa

Question 20

Immune response is activated → HIV antibodies develop and cytotoxic T cells _____ → controlling HIV infection & _____ the level of viraemia → achieving _____control of HIV

Progressive reduction of _____ → leads to AIDS

Answer 20

Immune response is activated → HIV antibodies develop and cytotoxic T cells proliferate → controlling HIV infection & reducing the level of viraemia → achieving partial control of HIV

Progressive reduction of CD4 → leads to AIDS

Question 21

How do you test for HIV?

Answer 21

Antibody + p24 antigen combined screening test

Question 22

Treatments for HIV

Answer 22

• Lifelong HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
• Antibiotic prophylaxis against opportunistic infections
• 3 or more antiretroviral drugs (eg. AZT, saquinavir, lamivudine)

Question 23

Life expectancy of HIV pt on treatment

Answer 23

HIV-positive people who start antiretroviral therapy (ART) promptly can live as long as their HIV-negative peers

Question 24

Is there vaccine avail for HIV yet?

Answer 24

Nope

Question 25

Which of these has a specific treatment? - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Influenza - Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - HFMD

Answer 25

Influenza