Virology + Dengue + HIV Flashcards
varicella-zoster virus (VCV) transmission
spreads mainly through close contact with someone who has chickenpox
VCV: do NOT use ______ to relieve fever
aspirin products
VCV prevention
Passive:
Active:
Passive: Varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG)
Active: live attenuated
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) transmission
body fluids, such as saliva, urine, blood, tears, semen, and breast milk
CMV complications
- hepatitis
- babies: vision loss, hearing loss, etc
Measles, rubella, mumps: prevention?
measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine
Hep A transmission
fecal-oral
food-borne
sexually transmitted
Hep A: self-limiting?
Yes
Hep B transmission
Sexually transmitted
Blood
IV drug abuse
Other body fluids
Hep B: ____ infection common
chronic
Hep E: self-limiting?
Yes
Febrile phase in dengue:
- typically develop ________ suddenly
- s&s: ________
- ________ & ________ bleeding may also be seen
- +ve ________ increase probability of dengue
- typically develop high grade fever suddenly
- s&s: facial flushing, generalised body ache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, etc
- petechiae & mucosal membrane bleeding may also be seen
- +ve tourniquet test increase probability of dengue
Critical phase in dengue:
- Increasing haematocrit levels may occur = ________
- Usually lasts ________ hrs
- Check for warning signs (Eg. ________ /________ )
- Increasing haematocrit levels may occur = plasma leakage
- Usually lasts 24-48 hrs
- Check for warning signs (Eg. pleural effusion/ascites)
Warning signs of dengue
- abdominal pain or tenderness
- persistent vomiting
- mucosal bleed
- lethargy, restlessness
- liver enlargement >2cm
Patient is considered to have a shock if:
- Children: Pulse pressure is ≤ _____mmHg
- Signs of poor capillary perfusion (cold extremities, _____ capillary refill, or _____ pulse rate)
Patient is considered to have a shock if:
Pulse pressure is ≤ 20mmHg in children
Signs of poor capillary perfusion (cold extremities, delayed capillary refill, or rapid pulse rate)
Blood tests required for dengue
- WCC
- Platelet
- Baseline haematocrit
Diagnostic tests required for dengue
- PCR to look for dengue virus (send blood in FBC blood tube)
- Serum for POCT (dengue duo)
- Serum for dengue antibody testing
HIV transmission routes
- Unprotected sex
- Blood transfusion
- IV drug abusers
- Mother to child
HIV targets what cell type?
Dendritic cells in the mucosa
Immune response is activated → HIV antibodies develop and cytotoxic T cells _____ → controlling HIV infection & _____ the level of viraemia → achieving _____control of HIV
Progressive reduction of _____ → leads to AIDS
Immune response is activated → HIV antibodies develop and cytotoxic T cells proliferate → controlling HIV infection & reducing the level of viraemia → achieving partial control of HIV
Progressive reduction of CD4 → leads to AIDS
How do you test for HIV?
Antibody + p24 antigen combined screening test
Treatments for HIV
- Lifelong HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
- Antibiotic prophylaxis against opportunistic infections
- 3 or more antiretroviral drugs (eg. AZT, saquinavir, lamivudine)
Life expectancy of HIV pt on treatment
HIV-positive people who start antiretroviral therapy (ART) promptly can live as long as their HIV-negative peers
Is there vaccine avail for HIV yet?
Nope
Which of these has a specific treatment?
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Influenza
- Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
- HFMD
Influenza
