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MIC > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Presentation:
BP 80/60
Temperature 39 degrees
HR 120/min
This presentation is signs of ______→ can lead to ______
Bacteria that are responsible for this presentation: typically ______ bugs eg. klebsiella pneumonia & ecoli
Bacteria component that is responsible: ______

A

This presentation is signs of septic shock → can lead to death
Bacteria that are responsible for this presentation: typically gram -ve bugs eg. klebsiella pneumonia & ecoli
Bacteria component that is responsible: Lipopolysaccharide

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2
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Biofilm is produced by bacteria as a protective mechanism; a layer of slime that protects bacteria so that they are not killed by the immune system.

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3
Q

what is the impact of biofilm on patient treatment

A

When the bacteria reach a certain concentration → can lead to infections

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4
Q

Culture: to ____ an organism

Eg. :

A

grow

Aerobic culture
Anaerobic culture
Fungal culture
Viral culture

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5
Q

Serology: To detect the ____ present following exposure to the organism

Eg.

A

antibodies

Eg. Blood test

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6
Q

Microscopy: to _____

Eg.

A

visualise the organism

Gram stain
Fungal microscopy
Acid-fast stain
Immuno-fluorescence
Parasitology aka OCP
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7
Q

Molecular testing: to _______

Mostly for detecting ____ or pathogens that cannot be ____.
Or when you need an answer ____.

Eg

A

detect nucleic acids

Mostly for detecting viruses or
Pathogens that cannot be cultured
You need an answer FAST

Eg. PCR

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8
Q

Sterile vs non sterile sites

A

Sterile: “inside” body
Eg. blood, CBF, vitreous fluid, joint

Non-sterile: “outside”
Eg. skin, drains, anus, intestines, respiratory organs, stomach, etc

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9
Q

Examples of wound swabs in infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus, group A streptococcus

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10
Q

Examples of urine culture in colonization

A

Bacteria growth from indwelling catheters

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11
Q

Examples of urine culture in infection

A

E coli, klebsielle pneumoniae (pure & high viable count with clinical signs)

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12
Q

The 5 moments of hand hygiene

A
  1. Before patient contact
  2. Before aseptic task
  3. After body fluid exposure risk
  4. After patient contact
  5. After contact with patient surrounding
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13
Q

Swab: avoid swabbing an area that is ______

A

completely dry

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14
Q

A more representative sample is a swab taken before/during/after wound cleansing

A

AFTER

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15
Q

Screening swabs generally detect only a SPECIFIC organism eg. ____

A

MRSA

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16
Q

Rayon bud (Tip) is for identifying

A

bacteria

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17
Q

Aerobic culture
Anaerobic culture
MRSA screen
Gram-stain

They suit what kind of swab?

A

Rayon bud (Tip)

18
Q

Rayon bud (Tip) is not suitable for

A

Viral PCR

Viral culture

19
Q

Labels found in Rayon bud (Tip)

A

‘Aerobes and anaerobes’

20
Q

Swab in UTM/VTM is for

A

Viral & PCR testing

21
Q

Viral culture
Viral antigen
Viral PCR (eg. influenza)
Chlamydial PCR

They suit what kind of swab?

A

Swab in UTM/VTM

22
Q

Swab in UTM/VTM is not suitable for

A

Aerobic & anaerobic culture

23
Q

Label found in swabs in UTM/VTM

A

‘UTM-RT’

24
Q

eSwab media is used for

A

better detection of bacteria compared to Rayon bud

25
Q

Aerobic culture
Anaerobic culture
Bacterial PCR

They suit what kind of swab?

A

eSwab media

26
Q

eSwab media is not suitable for

A

viral testing

27
Q

What is the default urine sample to send? And why?

A

Mid-stream urine.

Because urethra is a non-sterile site
Best method as the 1st bit of urine that pass may be contaiminated with bacteria from skin (reduce contamination from urethra & perineal region)

28
Q

In-out catheter urine: if required, clamp the tubing ______ to the sampling port

A

a few cm distal

29
Q

In-out catheter urine—

Best way to get good quality urine sample: sample from the ______ (______)

A

sample from the sampling port (needle-less)

30
Q

Good specimens of culture: low/high viable count

A

high

31
Q

Disadvantages of long term urinary catheter

A
  • ↑ risk of UTI (esp elderly)
  • ↑ risk of getting infection caused than > 1 bug
  • Colonization of the catheter with various organisms
  • Patients will almost always have +ve urine cultures
32
Q

Collect sputum in the _____ to avoid _______ with food particles

A

morning; contamination

33
Q

Broncho-alveolar lavage is only used in ____, for ____ patients

A

ICU; sedated

34
Q

Presence of epithelial cells in a respiratory sample = specimen from upper respiratory tract which means

A

POOR QUALITY SAMPLE as it is highly contaminated with other flora

35
Q

What is a BAL sample?

How is it obtained?

A

It helps diagnose and treat certain lung diseases.

Collected by washing the airways with a saline solution and capturing fluid during the process.

36
Q

What is a ETT sample?

How is it obtained?

A

A flexible plastic tube is placed through the nose or mouth into the trachea, or windpipe, to help a patient breathe.

Can be obtained from instinctively ventilated covid patients through catheter from an endotracheal tube or from tracheotomised patients by directly tracheal suction

37
Q

Effect of endotoxin found in gram -ve bacteria

A
  • Endotoxin are chemicals (found in cell wall of gram -ve bacteria) that can cause body reaction
  • Even when the bacteria is dead (correct antibiotic is given), this chemical will still be released into the bloodstream and tissues
  • It initiates a host inflammatory response which contributes to the severity of symptoms during infection (Eg. fever, septic shock)
  • Effects: histamine release, WBCs release and vessel dilation
  • Vessels dilate (blood supply to organs are compromised, blood pressure drops) capillaries become permeable, fluid leaks out
  • Can affect clotting system (thrombin formation) → blocked blood vessels
  • Can cause: sepsis → organ failure
  • Must be treated early
38
Q

What is commensal bacteria? Are they usually harmful?

A
  • bacteria that are normally found on the human body
  • usually not harmful
  • may contribute beneficial effects
39
Q

Colonization increases in these type of patients:

A
  • Hospitalised patients
  • Patients with medical conditions
  • Patients given antibiotics
40
Q

Lipopolysaccharide is found within ____.

Ability:

A
  • Found within the cell wall

- Ability to produce antibiotics → hypotensive, tachycardic & pyrexic

41
Q

Where do you find biofilms?

A

ETT tubes, urine catheters

MIC (14 decks)

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