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SS - Exam 2 > Virology 1 - Companion Animal > Flashcards

Virology 1 - Companion Animal Flashcards

1
Q

Infection vs disease

A

Best diagnostic test varies based on question asked

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2
Q

Organism ID without lesions

A

Infection

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3
Q

Organism ID + lesion

A

Disease (clinical or sub clin)

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4
Q

Organism ID + lesion + clinical signs

A

Clinical disease

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5
Q

Serology

A

Gives history (antibody) of exposure but nothing on current disease status
- thus why we dont often vaccinate for high problem viruses

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6
Q

Neurotrophic viruses

A

RABIES on differential list for ALL species

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7
Q

Neurotrophic viruses in dogs

A

Canine distemper virus
Canine herpes virus ( encephalitis in puppies <6wks)

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8
Q

Neurotrophic viruses in cats

A

Feline infectious peritonitis virus
Feline immunodecifiency virus
Feline leukemia virus (myelitis)
Feline panleukopenia virus (cerebellar hypoplasia)

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9
Q

neurotrophic viruses in horses

A

Equine herpes virus 1* risk base vaccine
West Nile virus
Equine togavirus (EEE, WEE, VEE)
Equine infectious anemia virus (rarely neurotrophic)

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10
Q

Ataxia localization

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Seizure localization

A

Cerebrum

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12
Q

Canine distemper virus

A

Paramyxovirus
Highly contagious
Infects dogs but multiple wildlife species
Infects many cell types
Affects many systems
Produces intracytoplasmic & intranuclear inclusion bodies
3-6 months of age when maternal antibodies decline

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13
Q

Cell types infected by distemper

A

Epithelial, lymphoid, oligodendroglial cells

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14
Q

Systems affected by distemper

A

Skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tracts, brain

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15
Q

Lesions produced by distemper

A

Intra cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies

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16
Q

Distemper pathogenesis

A

Virus travels to CNS by infected lymphocytes, monocytes & platelets
Spreads to CSF
Lesions in brain include inflammation & demyelination

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17
Q

Progression of demyelination

A

Lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffing
Demyelination may progress to necrosis & infiltration by gitter cells

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18
Q

Clinical signs for distemper

A

Acute disease with recovery = lifelong immunity or neurological disease & death
Leukopenia
Diarrhea, vomiting
Conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
Coughing
Hardening of nose & footpads

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19
Q

Diagnosing distemper

A

PCR or virus isolation
White matter vacuolization (from demyelination)
Intranuclear inclusions are found in cerebellum (found everywhere)

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20
Q

Rabies virus

A

Rhabdovirus
Infects nervous system of ALL mammals/humans
Infection is invariably fatal
Endemic of all continents except Australia & Antarctica

21
Q

How rabies population is maintained

A

Maintained & passed in wildlife
Urban rabies in dogs = 95% of all human cases
Sylvatic rabies is maintained in raccoons, skunks, bats, foxes

22
Q

Transmission of rabies

A

Contact of salvia from infected animal
Incubation period depends on location of bite, size, immune status & strain (up to 6 months)

23
Q

Clinical course of rabies

A

Clinical course is short, once onset only last a few days to a few weeks
Clinical signs range from excitation to depression
Definitive diagnosis is only available post-mortem

24
Q

Rabies pathogenesis

A

Virus passes to axon terminals of motor neurons & sensory axon terminals
Virus moves by retrograde a o plastic flow to neurons in the CNS
Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies) in neurons

25
Q

Cells with inclusion bodies for rabies

A

Neuronal cells

26
Q

Differentiating between CDV & Rabies

A

Age of onset
Course of neurological signs
Presence of other clinical signs
Progression of disease
Laboratory diagnosis

27
Q

FIP

A

Feline infectious peritonitis AKA feline coronavirus replicated in interstitial epithelium
Enteritis in young kittens is possible

28
Q

FIP mechanism

A

Has a tropism for macrophages
Infection is invariably fatal
PCR is available but wont differentiate between FCoV and FIP

29
Q

FIP disease

A

Disease is sporadic & common in large cat populations
Cats <1 year are most susceptible
Virus is shed in feces
Transmission is ingestion /inhalation
Age, immune status, genetics of host, virulence of strain play a role

30
Q

Dry form of FIP

A

Associated w moderate cell-mediated immunity
Considered a chronic form
Pyogranulomatous vasculitis in all organs including eye & brain
Clinical signs depend on organs most severely affected

31
Q

Wet form of FIP

A

Associated with weak cell-mediated immunity
Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, thorax and lateral ventricles
Fibrinous pleuritis, peritonitis, pericarditis
Cats present w breathing difficulties or distended abdomen

32
Q

Immune complex disease

A

Feature of FIP meaning:
If animals has immunity it will survive even if they get sick
If they lack immunity or have poor immunity, prognosis is worse

33
Q

Feline immunodeficiency virus

A

Lentivirus (retrovirus)
1.5-3% of healthy cats in US are infected
Transmitted via bites (^^ in free range male cats)
Can be transmitted transplacental or in milk

34
Q

FIV pathogenesis

A

Virus is picked up from bite wound by dendritic cells & carried to lymph nodes
Virus infects T lymphocytes & replicates
Spreads to other lymph nodes (fever, non specific neuro)
Could present clinically normal or immunodeficient

35
Q

Clinical disease of FIV

A

Recurrent infection of skin, eyes, respiratory tract, urinary bladder
persistent fever, gingivitis, stomatitis
Meningoencephalitis or encephalitis w seizures or behavioral changes
Diagnose by ELISA (for antibody) or PCR (viral RNA)

36
Q

Differentiating between rabies, FIP & FIV

A

Age of onset
Course of neurologic signs
Presence of other clinical signs
Progression of disease
Lab diagnosis - FIV snap test

37
Q

Equine herpes virus 1

A

Alphaherpesvirinae
3 strains - EHV1 D752, N752, H752
D752 - respiratory /reproductive/neurologic
N752 - respiratory & reproductive only

38
Q

Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy

A

Typically with D752 strain
Commonly follows outbreak of respiratory disease or abortion on farm
Neurologic form is reportable

39
Q

diagnosing /signs of EHM

A

Vasculitis, necrosis, hemorrhage of SC/brain
PCR on nasal swaps = shed when neurologic
PCR can differentiate between D and N but not H

40
Q

Arthropod borne viruses

A

Flavaivirus
- West Nile virus
Togaviridae
- eastern/western encephalitis
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis

41
Q

West Nile virus

A

Flavivirus
Mosquito borne
Infects horses, humans, birds
Transmission cycle is between birds/mosquitos
Main signs are primarily neurologic

42
Q

EEE

A

Eastern equine encephalitis
Togovirus (alphavirus)
Mosquito borne, incubation period is 4-10 days

43
Q

EEE mechanism

A

Virus travels to lymph node & replicates in macrophages & neutrophils
Death occurs 3-4 days after onset of neurologic sings
Mortality rate is 70-90%

44
Q

WEE

A

Western equine encephalitis
Alphavirus - seen west of Mississippi
Milder than EEE, mortality 15-20% rate
Mosquito borne

45
Q

Diagnosing WEE

A

Arboviral encephalitides by IgM ELISA on serum, PCR or IHC on brain /spinal cord
Killed vaccines are available(core)

46
Q

Differentiating among all EQ viruses

A

Course of neurologic signs
Presence of other clinical signs
Time of year
Presence of similar disease in other animals
Laboratory diagnosis

47
Q

Core vaccines for horses

A
48
Q

Core vaccines for cats

A
49
Q

Core vaccines for dogs

A

SS - Exam 2 (18 decks)

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