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SS - Exam 2 > Seizures 1 > Flashcards

Seizures 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Seizure

A

sudden, short lasting and transient event. It does not imply that the event is epileptic

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2
Q

Epileptic seizure

A

Manifestation of excessive and/or synchronous activity of neurons in the brain, resulting in a
transient occurrence of certain signs.

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3
Q

Clinical signs for seizures

A

Loss or altered consciousness
Altered behavior
Autonomic disturbance
Altered tone or movement
Altered sensation

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4
Q

Epilepsy

A

disease of the brain characterized by an enduring
predisposition to generate epileptic seizures.
having at least two unprovoked epileptic seizures >24 h apart

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5
Q

Reactive seizure

A

occurring as a natural response from the normal brain to a transient disturbance in function (metabolic or toxic in nature)—
reversible when the cause or disturbance is rectified. A provoked seizure can be considered as being synonymous with a reactive seizure.

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6
Q

Cause of reactive seizure

A

Toxin
Metabolic disorder

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7
Q

Causes of epileptic seizures

A

Idiopathic epilepsy
Structural epilepsy
Unknown cause

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8
Q

Categories for reactive seizure causes

A

Metabolic - hypoglycemia, hepatic or renal encephalopathy
Toxins - meds, plants, food, rodenticide, illicit drugs, misc: alcohol, mycotoxins, bee, excessive Na

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9
Q

Idiopathic vs structural epilepsy

A

Structural is the result of an intracranial lesion leading to seizures. Examples include brain tumor, stroke, encephalitis, hydrocephalus, or head trauma.

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10
Q

Terminology for seizures

A

Focal
Generalized
Focal that can become generalized

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11
Q

Pre-ictal period

A

Prodrome - sensory, motor, behavioral abnormalities preceding a seizure, could be long durations, normal EEG
Aura - abnormal sensation that precedes seizures, short duration, EEG abnormal

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12
Q

Ictus stage

A

The epileptic seizure itself stage

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13
Q

Post-ictal period stage

A

Transient, brain restores to normal function

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14
Q

Interictal period

A

Time between resolution of post-ictal signs and onset of next ictus

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15
Q

Generalized epileptic seizure phenotype

A

Tonic-clinic - alteration between clonus and tonus Tonic – increased tone
Clonic – convulsions
^^ all common phenotypes
Myoclonic – jerking movements of a muscle group Atonic – loss of tone

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16
Q

Status epilepticus

A

20-30 minutes of continuous seizure activity
Practically - seizure ≥5 minutes in duration
≥2 seizures without recovery in between

17
Q

Syncope

A

Lack of blood flow to the brain

18
Q

What causes epileptic seizures

A

Reactive epileptic seizures
Epilepsy - idiopathic, structural, unknown

19
Q

reactive epileptic seizures

A

Hepatic Encephalopathy
Hypoglycemia
Electrolyte abnormalties
Toxin
Can cause changes in resting mem potential
Too much excitation or too little inhibition

20
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Patients need glucose
Na/K pump fails = paradoxical excitation of cell = seizure

21
Q

Serum osmolality equation

A

= 2Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8

22
Q

Hypoatremia

A

Common change that leads to seizures w sodium
Increased Na intracellular = change in resting membrane potential = paradoxical neuronal excitation
Neuronal swelling from water following concentration gradient

23
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Ca does not directly contribute to RMP but is needed to keep Na channels in check
Decreased Ca = more Na into cell easier = change in RMP and paradoxical excitation

24
Q

Too much excitation

A

Glutamate
Acetylcholine
Na inactivation gate

25
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Glutamate agonist - bind to glutamate receptors opening Ca or Na channels = depolarization = seizures

26
Q

acetylcholine

A

Organophosphate cross BBB and bind to acetylcholine esterase = increase in acetylcholine = depolarization = SLUD signs = seizures can result with higher levels of toxin

27
Q

Drug for organophosphate seizures

A

Atropine

28
Q

Inactivation gate

A

Prevents sodium from entering cell
Pyrethins binds to those sights = more Na in cell

29
Q

Too little inhibition

A

Cl channels
K channels

30
Q

4-aminopyridine

A

Blocks K channels = inhibiting hyperpolarization leading to excessive excitiabiltiy and seizures
Common condition in cats that leads to same effect

31
Q

Chloride

A

Strychnine - interferes w binding of glycine aka inhibitory NT in chloride channels
Bicucuilline - plant neurotoxin, similar fashion

SS - Exam 2 (18 decks)

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