Viral Vaccines Flashcards
true or false:
vaccination programs depend on the characteristics of the vaccine and the epidemiology of the virus
true
what are some important factors to consider when developing a vaccination program
- the proportion of those vaccinated that are protected
-duration of the protection
-coverage achieved by the vaccination program
true or false:
vaccines are only protective for those who are vaccinated
false
even though who are not vaccinated may be protected through herd immunity
which type of vaccine reduces the number of visits to the clinic and also allows extensive use to vaccines against agents of secondary importance
multiagent vaccines
when does the ‘window of susceptibility’ occur in an animal’s life
between the time the maternal antibodies and vaccines create internal antibodies
which type of vaccine is abortigentic or teratogenic
attenuated vaccines
which type of vaccines should be used in pregnant animals
inactivated vaccines
recombinant vaccines
which type of vaccines contains agents capable of replicated within the horse yet have attenuated pathogenicity
live vaccines
true or false:
live vaccines stimulate a broad range of immune responses leading to a long duration of immunity
true
in what types of animals should live vaccines not be used in due to the nature of their activity
pregnant
immunocompromised
corticosteroid usage
which vaccine type is derived from the naturally occurring pathogen and are produced a number of ways
modified live vaccines (MLV)
what is another name for MLV vaccines
attenuated
where can MLV vaccines be grown
- attenuated in cell culture
- used of variants from other species
- develop temperature-sensitive mutants
true or false:
modified live vaccines have the ability to replicate in the host
true
true or false:
because of replication in the host, MLVs can cause clinical disease in immunocompetent individuals
false
what are some advantages of MLVs
-mimic natural infection
-cellular and humoral immune responses
-long immunity
- no need for numerous boosters
why don’t we only use MLV vaccines for everything
reversion to virulence due to the ability to still replicate
what are the 4 recombinant vaccines
- live attenuated vector vaccines
- chimeric vaccines
- DNA vaccines
- RNA vaccines
which recombinant vaccine is engineered by incorporation of a pathogen’s antigenic peptides into a harmless carrier virus or bacteria
live attenuated vector vaccine
which recombinant vaccine is produced by substituting genes from the target pathogen for similar genes in a safe, but closely related organism
chimeric vaccines
which recombinant vaccine consists of a DNA plasmid encoding a viral gene that can be expressed inside cells of the animal to be immunized
DNA vaccines
which recombinant vaccine delivers an antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which will translate, process and present the antigen to the other immune cells in the adaptive branch
RNA vaccines
which vaccines lack pathogenicity and can neither replicate nor spread between hosts
inactivated/ killed vaccines
what is needed to keep the efficacy of an inactivated/killed vaccine good
multiple doses in the primary vaccinal series and regular boosters with potent adjuvants
what are the 4 possible options of killed vaccine
inactivated/killed pathogen vaccine
protein vaccine
recombinant subunit vaccine
adjuvants
what is efficacy
ability of a vaccine to do it’s job
what are some factors that affect vaccine efficacy
heat liability
vaccination frequency
physiologic & immunologic considerations
what is an advantage of using an adjuvant in a vaccine
potentiates the immune response both humoral and cellular so less amount of antigen or fewer doses are necessary
how do adjuvants work
- prolong the release of antigen
- activate macrophages who secrete lymphokines
- attract lymphocytes
- induce mitogenicity for lymphocytes
who is responsible to choose the vaccine that is most appropriate for a given situation
veterinarian
who is responsible for selecting route, frequency ect. for that particular vaccine
manufacturer
why are there not more antiviral drugs
viruses use the metabolic pathways of the host to replicate and toxins of the cell are needed to stop replication
what can be targeted to make an antiviral
RT enzymes or LTRs of retroviruses
how are viral infections in veterinary medicine treated
symptomatically and palliatively
how are antiviral drugs delivered to the cells to keep them from becoming toxic
prodrug
what is needed by an antiviral due to it being a prodrug
requires another viral-coded enzyme
what is the most successful strategy with antiviral treatments
involving combination therapies targeting different aspects of viral replication
which disinfectants work against enveloped viruses but have little effect on naked viruses
alcohol and detergent-based disinfectants
what are some purposes of preserving viruses
- reference virus
- clinical specimens collected for diagnosis
- inactivate viruses for sterilization, disinfection and inactivated vaccine production
what is ideal for long term storage of vaccines
lyophilization
