Viral related TLRs and Cytokines

Question 1

Directly antimicrobial molecules

Answer 1

Defensins / Cathelicidin LL37

Question 2

Endosome / cytoplasmic membrane (dsRNA). Signals through IRF3/NFκB/AP-1 to make IFN-β, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12

TLR?

Answer 2

TLR3

Question 3

Endosome (ssRNA). Signals through MyD88 → AP-1, NFκB, and IRF7 to make IFN-α, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12.

TLR?

Answer 3

TLR7/8

Question 4

Endosome (CpG DNA). Signals through MyD88 → AP-1, NFκB, and IRF7 to make IFN-α, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12.

TLR?

Answer 4

TLR9

Question 5

Cytosolic (primarily 5’pppRNA). Signals through IRF3/NFκB/AP-1 to make IFN-β, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12

Answer 5

RIG-I

Question 6

• Antiviral state (upregulation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs)). -Activates DCs, NK cells, and macrophages.
• Promotes the activation of adaptive immunity through DC activation (increased expression of MHC class I and II, and antigen processing machinery) and acts directly on B and T cells.

Answer 6

Type I interferons (IFNα/β)

Question 7

• Activates macrophages and regulates DC responses by inducing MHC class I and II.
• Increased endothelial cell adhesion. Helps to polarize Th1 cells.
• Activates CD8+ killer T cells.
• Activates NK cells.

Answer 7

Type II interferon (IFNγ)

Question 8

-Activates macrophages, granulocytes and cytotoxic cells, leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesion, enhanced MHC class I production, fever.

Answer 8

TNFα

Question 9

• Causes fever and acute inflammation.

- Activates endothelium to produce adhesion molecules and induces chemokine secretion to recruit leukocytes.

Answer 9

IL-1

Question 10

-=Made by CD4+ T cells and signals the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.

Answer 10

IL-2

Question 11

• B cell growth factor, isotype selection (IgE, IgG1)
• induces the polarization of Th0 T cells to Th2 CD4+ T cells
• polarizes macrophages to become M2 type.

Answer 11

IL-4

Question 12

• Promotes hematopoiesis of neutrophils.
• Increases vascular permeability.
• Induces fever.
• Stimulates production of acute phase proteins.

Answer 12

IL-6

Question 13

Major chemotactic factor for neutrophils.

Answer 13

IL-8

Question 14

• Modulates the immune response.
• Inhibits the actions of activated T cells.
• Shuts down further activation of Th1 T cells, NK cells, and macrophages by shutting down the production of IL-12.

Answer 14

IL-10

Question 15

• Activates NK cells and naïve CD8+ killer T cells.

- Induces the polarization of Th1 cells leading to IFNγ production.

Answer 15

IL-12

Question 16

• B cell growth and differentiation
• blocks IFN and TNF production
• polarizes macrophages to become M2 type.

Answer 16

IL-13