Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Basic Pathology > Viral Pathogens > Flashcards

Viral Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

transient infection

A

-short term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chronic latent infections

A
  • virus remains in cell without actively replicating (long term)
  • usually DNA viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chronic productive infections

A

-long term, actively replicating viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

transforming infections

A
  • viruses can be carcinogenic

- usually DNA viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

common cold viruses

A
  • rhinoviruses
  • cornaviruses
  • respiratory droplet
  • acute, self-limited infection
  • symptoms: fever, cough, nasal congestion, minor aches and pains, headache, sneezing
  • no vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

rhinovirus

A
  • naked, (+) ssRNA
  • over 100 distinct serotypes
  • most common virus in humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

coronaviruses

A
  • enveloped, (+) ssRNA

- SARS (sever acute respiratory syndrome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

rubella virus (German measles)

A
  • enveloped, (+) ssRNA
  • respiratory droplet
  • mild, self-limited disease (may have a rash)
  • destructive fetal pathogen*
  • live, attenuated vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

rubella virus: congenital infection

A
  • fetal deafness
  • cataracts
  • glaucoma
  • heart defects
  • mental retardation
  • salt and pepper retinopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

west nile virus

A
  • flavivirus
  • enveloped, (+) ssRNA
  • mosquito vector
  • symptoms: asymptomatic, headache, myalgia, maculopapular rash
  • no vaccine
  • rare complications (1% of cases): hepatitis, myocarditis, pancreatitis, acute flaccid paralysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

measles

A
  • enveloped, (-) ssRNA
  • paramyxovirus
  • respiratory droplet
  • symptoms: fever, URI, maculopapular rash, Koplik spots*, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare)
  • live vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mumps

A
  • enveloped (-) ssRNA
  • paramyxovirus
  • respiratory droplets
  • symptoms: parotitis, pancreatitis, orchitis in adult males, meningoencephalitis
  • live, attenuated vaccine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A
  • enveloped, (-) ssRNA
  • paramyxovirus
  • transmission: respiratory droplet (100% exposure), direct contact, fomite (5 hrs on counter)
  • clinical manifestations: cold-like symptoms, bronchiolitis (2-3% of cases)
  • treatment: palliative
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

influenza virus

A
  • enveloped, (-) ssRNA
  • two main groups: A and B
  • 200-500k deaths annually
  • respiratory droplet
  • clinical manifestations: chills, fever, headache, muscle aches, general malaise, pneumonia*
  • seasonal, inactivated vaccine (trivalent or quadrivalent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

surface proteins involved in antigenic drift and shift

A

hemagglutinin, neuraminidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

antigenic drift

A
  • random mutations

- slow, gradual, not a big change from year to year

17
Q

antigenic shift

A
  • co-infection
  • hybrid virus
  • new surface Ag (H1N1)
  • quick, significant, virus acquires new surface antigen different from previous strains
18
Q

Zika virus

A
  • enveloped, (+) ssRNA
  • flaviviridae
  • transmission: mosquito bites, sex, mother to fetus
  • clinical manifestations: usually mild (fever, rash, HA, joint and muscle pain, conjunctivitis), Guillain-Barre syndrome?
  • fetal microcephaly
  • treatment: palliative
19
Q

viral hemorrhagic fevers

A
  • enveloped, RNA viruses
  • Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, yellow fever, Dengue
  • transmission: insect bite/inhalation/direct contact
  • fever and hemorrhage: endothelial cell infection, platelet and endothelial dysfunction, hemorrhage and necrosis in multiple organs
20
Q

herpes virus

A
  • enveloped, dsDNA
  • transmission: kissing, sex
  • manifestation: fluid-filled vesicles
  • HSV type I: cold sores, encephalitis (rare)
  • HSV type II: genital herpes, meningitis (rare)
  • no vaccine
21
Q

latent herpesvirus infections

A
  • virus lays dormant in respective ganglion, integrating into host genome
  • HSV I: trigeminal ganglion
  • HSV II: sacral root ganglion
  • recurrence: head trauma, stress, fever, UV light, menstrual cycles, immunosuppression
22
Q

herpes keratitis

A
  • latent infection on cornea
  • dendritic epithelial ulcer
  • recurrent HSV keratitis: corneal scarring, thinning, neovascularization, decreased corneal sensation, vision loss
  • treatment: topical and oral antivirals
23
Q

varicella-zoster virus (VZV)

A
  • enveloped, dsDNA
  • droplet or direct contact
  • chickenpox/varicella
  • self limiting infection
  • vesicular rash
  • meningitis (rare)
  • pneumonia (rare)
  • latent in dorsal root ganglia
  • live, attenuated vaccine
24
Q

shingles

A
  • recurrence of herpes zoster virus
  • lies dormant in dorsal root ganglion
  • usually infect only one dermatome
  • severe nerve pain, which can persist even after infection ends
25
Q

herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A
  • shingles on the face and can involve eyes
  • Hutchinson’s sign (lesion on tip of nose- precursor to ocular involvement bc nasociliary nerve supplies nose and cornea)
  • clinical manifestations: conjunctivitis, scleritis (rare), iritis, pseudodendrites, neurotrophic keratitis, elevated IOP
  • treatment: topical and oral antivirals
  • special consideration: post-herpetic neuralgia
26
Q

epstein-barr virus

A
  • enveloped, dsDNA
  • transmission: saliva, selectively infects B cells
  • infectious mononucleosis: kissing disease, benign, self-limited
  • clinical presentation: lymphadenopathy, fatigue, fever, sore throat, splenomegaly
  • Burkitt’s Lymphoma
  • no vaccine
27
Q

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A
  • enveloped, dsDNA
  • transmission: direct contact with bodily fluids, kissing
  • congenital infections: CNS dysfunction
  • CMV retinitis in AIDS patients
28
Q

human papillomavirus (HPV)

A
  • papillomavirus
  • naked, dsDNA
  • transmission: skin or genital contact
  • clinical manifestations: skin warts, genital warts, anal warts
  • carcinogenesis: subtypes 16 and 18, inactivates p53
  • common cancer sites: cervical cancer*, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, oropharynx
  • subunit vaccine
29
Q

hepatitis

A
  • clinical manifestations: jaundice, fever, anorexia, malaise, fibrosis (chronic), cirrhosis (chronic), hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic)
  • causes: toxins, autoimmune diseases, hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, E
30
Q

hepatitis A virus

A
  • picornaviridae virus
  • nonenveloped, (+) ssRNA
  • transmission: fecal-oral route
  • clinical manifestations: acute, viral hepatitis, asymptomatic in 90% of infected children
  • treatment: palliative
  • prevention: sanitation, hygiene, inactivated virus vaccine, gamma-globulin shot
31
Q

hepatitis B virus

A
  • hepadnavirus family
  • enveloped, dsDNA (+) reverse transcriptase
  • pararetrovirus, partially double-stranded
  • transmission: blood borne, sexual, vertical
  • pathogenesis: cytotoxic T lymphocytes eliminate infected cells
  • clinical manifestations: acute, viral hepatitis, fulminant hepatic failure, chronic hepatitis (cirrhosis, carcinogenic)
  • treatment: interferon therapy, antiviral medications
  • prevention: subunit vaccine
32
Q

hepatitis C virus

A
  • flaviviridae family
  • enveloped, (+) ssRNA
  • many different genotypes
  • transmission: blood borne, sexual, congenital
  • acute infection (20% of cases): asymptomatic, mild hepatitis (15%), spontaneous resolution (10-50% of cases)
  • chronic infection (80% of case): cirrhosis* (10-30%), liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma*, portal hypertension
  • treatment: interferon therapy, anitviral medications
  • no effective vaccine
33
Q

adenovirus

A
  • adenoviridae family
  • nonenveloped, dsDNA
  • transmission: respiratory droplet, fecal-oral route, fomites
  • common clinical manifestations: URI, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis
  • severe clinical manifestations: meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia
  • prevention: vaccine, hygiene
34
Q

adenoviral conjunctivitis

A
  • frequently associated with URI
  • most common cause of viral conjunctivitis
  • auto-inoculation
  • clinical manifestations: hyperemia, chemosis, epiphoria, decreased acuity, eyelid edema, corneal infiltrates, subconjunctival petechiae, follicles, pseudomembranes, palpable preauricular node
  • treatment: palliative, betadine treatment
  • diagnosis: RPS adeno detector
  • often spreads to other eye

Basic Pathology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions