Innate Immunity and Inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
immune response
A
coordinated reaction to an antigen or pathogen
2
Q
pathogen
A
a microorganism that can cause disease;
virus, fungus, bacteria, protozoa, helminths
3
Q
antigen
A
any substance that elicits an immune response (exogenous or endogenous); proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
4
Q
antigen examples
A
- surface proteins on a pathogen
- noninfectious environmental agents (pollens, foods, bee venom)
- clinical products (drugs, vaccines, transplanted tissues)
5
Q
immune system functions
A
- prevents infection and cell injury
- distinguish self from non-self
- destroy infected and malignant cells
- initiates repair
6
Q
normal immune responses
A
- pruritus (itching)
- malaise (general feeling of unwellness)
- anorexia (loss of apetite)
- limited collateral damage of normal tissue
7
Q
abnormal immune responses
A
- immune deficiencies, acquired or congenital; (not enough of a response)
- hypersensitivities (allergies), autoimmune diseases; (exaggerated or over-active immune response)
8
Q
first line of defense
A
prevent injury/infection; barriers
9
Q
second line of defense
A
inflammation
10
Q
third line of defense
A
adaptive immune response
11
Q
innate immunity
A
- present at birth
- immediate
- non-specific
- activates inflammation and the adaptive immune response
12
Q
innate immunity: physical barriers
A
- prevent entry
- tight junctions- epithelial tissue throughout the body
- temperature- cool skin limits bacteria growth
- epithelial turnover- cornea turns over every 7 days
13
Q
innate immunity: mechanical barriers
A
- blinking
- coughing/sneezing
- mucociliary escalator
- swallowing
- GI tract peristalsis
- vomiting
- defecation
- urination
- ejaculation
14
Q
innate immunity: biochemical barriers
A
secretions and synthesized materials:
- tears (antibacterial)
- gastric juices (pH)
- mucus (antibacterial)
- sweat (pH, antibacterial)
- sebum (antibacterial)
- earwax (antibacterial)
- saliva (digestive enzymes)
normal bacterial flora:
- commensal
- 1-3% of human body mass
15
Q
inflammation
A
- part of the innate immune system
- responds rapidly, non-specifically, repeatably
- vascular and cellular responses
16
Q
inflammation causes the following to occur
A
- activation of immune system components
- mast cell degranulation
- cellular injury
17
Q
inflammation goals
A
- limit infection and further damage
- control bleeding
- interact with adaptive immune system
- prepare the area of injury for healing
- limit and control the inflammatory process
18
Q
tissue name + “-itis”
A
inflammation of that tissue
19
Q
systemic manifestations of inflammation
A
- fever
- increased pulse
- increased blood pressure
- leukocytosis
- increased plasma synthesis
- cytokine effects
20
Q
fever
A
pyrogens (endogenous or exogenous) act on hypothalamus to increase body temp
21
Q
leukocytosis
A
increasing the number of circulating WBCs
22
Q
increased plasma protein synthesis
A
complement, coagulation, and kinin cascades; helps w/ scabbing
23
Q
cytokine effects
A
malaise and lethargy
24
Q
cardinal signals of inflammation
A
- calor/heat
- rubor/redness
- tumor/swelling
- dolor/pain
- functio idesa/loss of function (secondary)
25
calor/heat
blood at body core temp enters site
26
rubor/redness
influx of RBCs to the area
27
tumor/swelling
fluid entering tissues
28
dolor/pain
inflammatory mediators sensitize nerve endings
29
vascular response
deliver fluid to area of injury:
- contains WBCs and other immune components
- dilutes bacteria, etc., at injury site
- provides nutrients and oxygen for immune cells and wound repair
30
vascular response- how?
1) brief vasoconstriction
2) mast cells release histamine
3) vasodilation
4) increased capillary permeability
5) exudation (leakage/build up) of fluid and cells (cellular emigration)
31
serous exudate
water exudate; indicates early inflammation; common w/ friction like a blister;
ex: central serous chorioretinopathy
32
fibrinous exudate
thick, clotted exudate; indicates more advanced inflammation; can lead to dysfunctional wound healing and scarring;
ex: pseudomembrane
33
purulent exudate
pus; indicates a bacterial infection;
| ex: bacterial conjunctivitis
34
hemorrhagic exudate
exudate contains blood; indicates vascular disease;
| ex: diabetic retinopathy
35
cellular mediators of inflammation
- mast cells
- natural killer cells
- platelets
- granulocytes ("phils")
- monocytes
- dendritic cells
- lymphocytes
*all originate in the bone marrow
36
cellular mediators activated by:
- plasma protein system products
- inflammatory cell secretions
- microbial molecules
- debris from cellular destruction
37
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- found on surface of resident and circulating immune cells
- recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- also recognize cellular debris
38
mannose
large carbohydrate molecule not found on human cells; found on all bacteria cells - tells us that it is non-self
39
neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages emigrate toward source
1) margination
2) adherence
3) diapedesis
4) chemotaxis
40
phagocytosis
- opsonization, recognition, and adherence
- engulfment
- phagosome formation
- fusion with lysosomal granules (reactive oxygen species, lactoferrin, defensins, lactic acid)
- destruction of the target
41
mast cells are the key initiator of ___
inflammatory and immune response
42
mast cells are located ____
in loose connective tissue in high-risk areas of the body- GI tract, lungs, skin, other mucosal tissues
43
mast cells are sensitive and stimulated by ____
multiple stimuli:
- pathogens
- allergens
- physical injury
- chemical agents
44
mast cell degranulation
immediate
45
mast cell degranulation products
- histamine
| - chemotactic factors
46
histamine
- vasodilator
- increased glandular production
- CNS effects (histamine makes you more alert)
47
chemotactic factors
- chemicals that induce movement
- neutrophil chemotactic factor
- eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
48
mast cell synthesis
delayed
49
mast cell synthesis products
- leukotrienes
| - prostaglandins
50
leukotrienes
- product of the arachidonic acid cascade
| - similar effects to histamine in later stages
51
prostaglandins
- induce pain
| - pro- and anti- inflammatory properties
52
mast cells in atopic individuals
- more numerous
- have a higher number of antigen receptors
- more easily activated
53
natural killer (NK) cells
- recognize and eliminate virus infected cells and cancer cells
- release perforin (puts holes in cell membrane) and granzyme (induces apoptosis in damaged/defective cells)
54
platelets
- contribute to clot formation
- multiple triggers
- degranulate upon activation
- contribute to wound healing
- pro- and anti- inflammatory
55
neutrophils
- aka polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
- early responder in inflammation (within hours)
- ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
- dysfunction increases risk of bacterial infection
56
eosinophils
- mildly phagocytic
- defend against parasites
- implicated in allergies and asthma
- regulate vascular mediators (vasodilation)
57
monocytes/macrophages
- monocytes produced in the bone marrow and are in the blood; once they leave the blood they mature and replicate which turns them into macrophages
- mature and replicate at inflammatory site (3-7 days)
- ingest bacteria and cellular debris
- contribute to activation of adaptive immune system
- initiate wound healing
58
termination of inflammation
- removal of an offending agent usually ends response
| - checks exist to control course of inflammation
59
checks exist to control course of inflammation:
- neutrophil life span is short
- inflammatory mediators degrade rapidly
- anti-inflammatory cytokines
60
outcomes of acute inflammation
1) complete resolution
2) scarring
3) abscess formation
4) progression to chronic inflammation
61
complete resolution
structure and function recoverable; back to normal
62
scarring
substantial damage to connective tissue
63
abscess formation
pus confined in a closed space; active proteases produce fluid increasing osmotic pressure; usually have to drain
64
progression to chronic inflammation
body cannot remove offending agent; persistent bacteria/toxins or autoimmune diseases
65
chronic inflammation
- inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer
| - often related to an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
66
causes of chronic inflammation
- high lipid and wax content of microorganism
- ability to survive inside the macrophage
- toxins
- chemicals
- particulate matter
- physical irritants
67
with chronic inflammation, there is dense infiltration of ___
lymphocytes and macrophages
68
with chronic inflammation, there is fibrosis, which is ___
thickening and scarring of connective tissue
69
with chronic inflammation, there is angiogenesis, which is ____
production of new blood vessels (VEGF)
70
with chronic inflammation, there is granuloma formation, which is ____
walling off of offending agent
