Plasma Protein Systems, Cytokines, and Inflammation Outcomes

Question 1

plasma protein systems

Answer 1

free floating proteins found in the blood, produced by the liver in a steady state during normal times, ramped up during inflammation; enzymatic cascades allow for amplification of immune response; all systems interact and also have regulatory components to turn it off

Question 2

complement system

Answer 2

• triggered by 3 different pathways
• inflammation amplifier
• attacks pathogens

Question 3

3 pathways of complement system

Answer 3

• classical pathway
• alternative pathway
• lectin pathway

Question 4

classical pathway

Answer 4

• initiated by antigen:antibody complex

- activates C1 complex to start cascade

Question 5

lectin pathway

Answer 5

• similar to classical pathway

- initiated by mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

Question 6

alternative pathway

Answer 6

• initiated by pathogen antigens

- binds free-floating C3b to create C3 Convertase

Question 7

complement cascade products

Answer 7

• C3a and C5a
• C3b
• C5b + C6-C9

Question 8

C3a and C5a

Answer 8

• anaphylotoxins (cause mast cell degranulation)

- chemotactic factors (leaves trail for leukocytes to follow to where they’re needed)

Question 9

C3b

Answer 9

opsonins (tags pathogen for removal)

Question 10

C5b + C6-C9

Answer 10

membrane attack complex (MAC)

Question 11

C3b attaches to _____; ___ recognize opsonins

Answer 11

bacteria surfaces; phagocytes

Question 12

membrane attack complex (MAC)

Answer 12

complement proteins insert themselves into the membrane of pathogens, creating pores; water and ions enter the cell; cell swells and lyses

Question 13

complement system deficiencies: activation disorders

Answer 13

hard time turning it on; recurrent infections

Question 14

complement system deficiencies: inhibitory disorders

Answer 14

hard time turning it off; ex: hereditary angioedema

Question 15

coagulation system is activated by ____

Answer 15

endothelial damage and bleeding

Question 16

coagulation system: intrinsic pathway is triggered by ___

Answer 16

vascular damage and platelets

Question 17

coagulation system: extrinsic pathway is triggered by ___

Answer 17

external damage and tissue factor

Question 18

coagulation system: intrinsic and extrinsic pathways share ____

Answer 18

final pathway

Question 19

coagulation system forms a ____, which ____

Answer 19

fibrinous meshwork; prevents hemorrhage, traps pathogens, and prepares for repair

Question 20

coagulation system contributes to ____

Answer 20

inflammation (activates kinin and complement systems)

Question 21

kinin system is activated by ____

Answer 21

bleeding

Question 22

kinin system is ____

Answer 22

pro-inflammatory

Question 23

product of kinin system is ____, which ____

Answer 23

bradykinin;
is similar to histamine; causes vasodilation, pain, smooth muscle contraction, increases vascular permeability, and leukocyte chemotaxis

Question 24

cytokines are soluble factors produced by ____

Answer 24

cellular mediators of inflammation and injured cells

Question 25

there are many types of cytokines, the 3 main ones we focused on are ____

Answer 25

interleukins, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor-a

Question 26

cytokines are pleiotropic, meaning ___

Answer 26

the effect depends on which cells are activated; development, maturation, localization, and activation of immune cells

Question 27

cytokines have ____ targets

Answer 27

local and distant

Question 28

interleukins

Answer 28

- macrophage and lymphocyte product - chemotactic - activates adaptive immune response (i.e., lymphocytes) - >30 types

Question 29

IL-1

Answer 29

endogenous pyrogen, chemotaxis, leukocytosis, pro-inflammatory

Question 30

IL-10

Answer 30

inhibits lymphocyte growth and macrophage activity, anti-inflammatory

Question 31

interferon

Answer 31

- produced by virus-infected cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes - induces non-specific antiviral response and increases macrophage activity

Question 32

tumor necrosis factor-a

Answer 32

- produced by macrophages and mast cells in response to PAMPs - increases endothelial adhesion molecules and macrophage activity

Question 33

short term effects of tumor necrosis factor-a

Answer 33

induces fever (endogenous pyrogen) and increases PPS (plasma protein system) production

Question 34

long term effects of tumor necrosis factor-a

Answer 34

promotes cachexia (wasting) and intravascular thrombosis (clotting throughout body)

Question 35

termination of inflammation

Answer 35

- removal of an offending agent usually ends response | - checks exist to control course of inflammation

Question 36

checks exist to control course of inflammation:

Answer 36

- neutrophil lifespan is short - inflammatory mediators degrade rapidly - anti-inflammatory cytokines are also produced

Question 37

4 outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 37

1) complete resolution 2) scarring 3) abscess formation 4) progression to chronic formation

Question 38

complete resolution

Answer 38

structure and function recoverable

Question 39

scarring

Answer 39

substantial damage to connective tissue

Question 40

abscess formation

Answer 40

pus confined in a closed space; active proteases produce a fluid, increasing pressure; usually must drain

Question 41

progression to chronic inflammation

Answer 41

body cannot remove offending agent; persistent bacteria/toxins or autoimmune diseases

Question 42

chronic inflammation

Answer 42

- inflammation lasting 2 weeks or longer | - often related to an unsuccessful acute inflammatory response

Question 43

causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 43

- high lipid wax content of microorganism (tuberculosis) - ability to survive inside the macrophage (chlamydia) - toxins and chemical irritants (alcohol abuse) - physical limitations (punctual plug) - particulate matter (asbestos, soot, etc.)

Question 44

chronic inflammation has a dense infiltration of ____

Answer 44

lymphocytes and macrophages (also fibroblasts)

Question 45

chronic inflammation has fibrosis, which is ____

Answer 45

thickening and scarring of connective tissue (collagen)

Question 46

chronic inflammation has angiogenesis, which is ____

Answer 46

production of new blood vessels (VEGF)

Question 47

chronic inflammation has granuloma formation, which is ____

Answer 47

walling off of the offending agent with collagen