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Basic Pathology > Antigens and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Antigens and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive Immune Response:

  • Interacts with ____ via ___
  • ____ specific
  • ____ onset
  • has ____
A 
innate immunity;
antigen presenting cells;
antigen;
delayed;
memory
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2
Q

adaptive immune response has 2 pathways:

A
  • cell-mediated

- humoral

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3
Q

cell-mediated response effector cells

A

cytotoxic T cells/CD8+

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4
Q

cytotoxic T cells/CD8+ have ____ receptors and they target ____

A

specific cell-surface;

virally infected cells, cancerous and precancerous cells

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5
Q

humoral response effector cells

A

B cells

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6
Q

B cells have ____ receptors; they differentiate into ___ which ____

A

specific cell-surface;
plasma cells;
secrete antibodies

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7
Q

antibody characteristics

A
  • specific to antigen
  • circulate in the blood
  • “fluid immunity”
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8
Q

antibodies target ____

A

bacteria; toxins in solution

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9
Q

cell-mediated response and humoral response are both _____

A

activated by helper T cells

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10
Q

antigens are molecules that ____

A

elicit an immune response

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11
Q

key antigen characteristics

A
  • degree of foreignness to host
  • size (ex: hapten)
  • chemical complexity
  • amount
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12
Q

antigens recognized as “non-self”

A
  • pathogens
  • tissue
  • blood products
  • bee venom
  • pollen
  • foods
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13
Q

APCs are necessary for ____

A

activation of adaptive immune system

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14
Q

APCs process and present ____

A

antigens on MHC molecules

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15
Q

two classes of APCs

A

professional and non-professional

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16
Q

two most important professional APCs

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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17
Q

dendritic cells are resident cells of ____ tissues

A

epithelial

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18
Q

dendritic cells migrate to ____, where they ____

A

secondary lymphoid tissues;

present to naive cells in lymph nodes

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19
Q

MHC molecules are ____ on surface of all cells; they are responsible for ____

A

glycoproteins;

self/non-self determination

20
Q

MHC also called ____ in humans; they code for ____ and are located on ____

A

human leukocyte antigen gene complex (HLA);
MHC proteins;
the short arm of chromosome 6

21
Q

MHC molecules are important for ____; want to match them to ____

A

organ donation;

avoid rejection

22
Q

three classes of MHC molecules

A

I, II, III

23
Q

MHC I proteins:

  • found on ____
  • ____ APCs
  • presents to ____
  • presents ____; normal: ____, damaged or foreign: ____
A 
all nucleated cells;
non-professional and professional;
circulating cytotoxic T cells (CD8+);
endogenous antigens;
no response;
initiate response
24
Q

MHC II proteins:

  • found on ____
  • presents ____ after ____
  • presents to ____, which ____
A 
professional APCs only (dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells);
exogenous antigens;
phagocytosis and processing;
specific helper T-cells (CD4);
initiates adaptive immune response
25
Q

epitope

A

portion of antigen that is the “tag”; segment of the antigen that our immune system recognizes

26
Q

paratope

A

variable portion on the T- or B-cell or antibody binding site; part of our immune system that recognizes the epitope

27
Q

antigen receptors

A
  • T-cell receptors
  • B-cell receptors
  • circulating antibody (immunoglobulin)
28
Q

antigen-receptor binding characteristics

A
  • noncovalent
  • affinity
  • valence
  • avidity
29
Q

adaptive immune response development and activation

A

1) generation of specific antigen receptors
2) antigen recognition and processing
3) activation and production of immune cells specific for the antigen
4) production of memory cells

30
Q

clonal diversity:

  • occurs ____ in the ____
  • receptor specificities created by _____
  • results in _____
  • each T- and B-cell produced has ____
  • T- and B-cells migrate to ____
A

before (and after) birth;
primary (central) lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow);
somatic recombination;
naive but immunocompetent T- and B-cells;
a unique receptor;
secondary lymphoid tissues

31
Q

clonal deletion:

  • occurs ____
  • ____ are destroyed during fetal development
  • generates ____
A

at the end of the Clonal Diversity process;
“self-reactive” B- and T-cells;
“central tolerance”

32
Q

clonal selection:

  • APCs present antigens to ____
  • T-cells: activated by ___
  • B-cells: can also be activated by ____
  • activated cells ____
A

naive lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue;
MHC-II bound antigen on APC;
bacteria that enters lymph nodes;
proliferate, producing multiple clones with receptors specific for the activating antigen

33
Q

CD4+ Helper T-cells become activated when they ____

A

bind a matching antigen presented by an APC-MHC II complex

34
Q

helper T-cells “help” cytotoxic T-cells ____

A

target cancer and virally infected cells

35
Q

helper T-cells “help” B-cells ____

A

become plasma cells

36
Q

helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells; steps: ____

A

1) activation
2) differentiation/replication
3) facilitation

37
Q

helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells:

activation

A

recognize specific antigen via MHC II presentation

38
Q

helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells:

differentiation/replication

A

differentiate into subtypes of helper T-cells:

  • Th1: cellular pathway
  • Th2: humoral pathway
  • Treg: peripheral tolerance
  • Memory cells
39
Q

helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells:

facilitation

A

assist effectors via cytokines

40
Q

3 key signals for activation of Th cells

A
  • MHC II molecule presenting antigen
  • Co-stimulatory signals
  • Cytokine stimulation by APC
41
Q

cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (CD8+):

  • activated by ___
  • target ____
  • does not involve ____
A

MHC I-antigen complex, assisted by Th1 subtype;
infected, damaged, non-self cells (virus, cancerous, those without correct MHC I molecules like transplanted tissue);
antibodies

42
Q

3 key signals for activation of Tc cells

A
  • MHC I molecule presenting antigen
  • Co-stimulatory signals
  • Cytokine stimulation by Th1 cells
43
Q

cell-mediated immunity targets

A
  • intracellular microbes
  • cancer cells
  • pathologic responses
44
Q

regulatory T-cells:

  • subset of ____
  • provide _____
  • prevent _____
A

helper T-cells;
peripheral tolerance;
over-activation of immune system

45
Q

peripheral tolerance

A
  • target self-reactive lymphocytes that escape the clonal deletion process or mutate later in its life and are now not able to recognize “self”
  • shut down self-reactive lymphocytes once they are out

Basic Pathology (21 decks)

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