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Basic Pathology > Antigens and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Antigens and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive Immune Response:

  • Interacts with ____ via ___
  • ____ specific
  • ____ onset
  • has ____
A 
innate immunity;
antigen presenting cells;
antigen;
delayed;
memory
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2
Q

adaptive immune response has 2 pathways:

A
  • cell-mediated

- humoral

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3
Q

cell-mediated response effector cells

A

cytotoxic T cells/CD8+

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4
Q

cytotoxic T cells/CD8+ have ____ receptors and they target ____

A

specific cell-surface;

virally infected cells, cancerous and precancerous cells

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5
Q

humoral response effector cells

A

B cells

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6
Q

B cells have ____ receptors; they differentiate into ___ which ____

A

specific cell-surface;
plasma cells;
secrete antibodies

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7
Q

antibody characteristics

A
  • specific to antigen
  • circulate in the blood
  • “fluid immunity”
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8
Q

antibodies target ____

A

bacteria; toxins in solution

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9
Q

cell-mediated response and humoral response are both _____

A

activated by helper T cells

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10
Q

antigens are molecules that ____

A

elicit an immune response

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11
Q

key antigen characteristics

A
  • degree of foreignness to host
  • size (ex: hapten)
  • chemical complexity
  • amount
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12
Q

antigens recognized as “non-self”

A
  • pathogens
  • tissue
  • blood products
  • bee venom
  • pollen
  • foods
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13
Q

APCs are necessary for ____

A

activation of adaptive immune system

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14
Q

APCs process and present ____

A

antigens on MHC molecules

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15
Q

two classes of APCs

A

professional and non-professional

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16
Q

two most important professional APCs

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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17
Q

dendritic cells are resident cells of ____ tissues

A

epithelial

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18
Q

dendritic cells migrate to ____, where they ____

A

secondary lymphoid tissues;

present to naive cells in lymph nodes

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19
Q

MHC molecules are ____ on surface of all cells; they are responsible for ____

A

glycoproteins;

self/non-self determination

20
Q

MHC also called ____ in humans; they code for ____ and are located on ____

A

human leukocyte antigen gene complex (HLA);
MHC proteins;
the short arm of chromosome 6

21
Q

MHC molecules are important for ____; want to match them to ____

A

organ donation;

avoid rejection

22
Q

three classes of MHC molecules

A

I, II, III

23
Q

MHC I proteins:

  • found on ____
  • ____ APCs
  • presents to ____
  • presents ____; normal: ____, damaged or foreign: ____
A 
all nucleated cells;
non-professional and professional;
circulating cytotoxic T cells (CD8+);
endogenous antigens;
no response;
initiate response
24
Q

MHC II proteins:

  • found on ____
  • presents ____ after ____
  • presents to ____, which ____
A 
professional APCs only (dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells);
exogenous antigens;
phagocytosis and processing;
specific helper T-cells (CD4);
initiates adaptive immune response
25
epitope
portion of antigen that is the "tag"; segment of the antigen that our immune system recognizes
26
paratope
variable portion on the T- or B-cell or antibody binding site; part of our immune system that recognizes the epitope
27
antigen receptors
- T-cell receptors - B-cell receptors - circulating antibody (immunoglobulin)
28
antigen-receptor binding characteristics
- noncovalent - affinity - valence - avidity
29
adaptive immune response development and activation
1) generation of specific antigen receptors 2) antigen recognition and processing 3) activation and production of immune cells specific for the antigen 4) production of memory cells
30
clonal diversity: - occurs ____ in the ____ - receptor specificities created by _____ - results in _____ - each T- and B-cell produced has ____ - T- and B-cells migrate to ____
before (and after) birth; primary (central) lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow); somatic recombination; naive but immunocompetent T- and B-cells; a unique receptor; secondary lymphoid tissues
31
clonal deletion: - occurs ____ - ____ are destroyed during fetal development - generates ____
at the end of the Clonal Diversity process; "self-reactive" B- and T-cells; "central tolerance"
32
clonal selection: - APCs present antigens to ____ - T-cells: activated by ___ - B-cells: can also be activated by ____ - activated cells ____
naive lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissue; MHC-II bound antigen on APC; bacteria that enters lymph nodes; proliferate, producing multiple clones with receptors specific for the activating antigen
33
CD4+ Helper T-cells become activated when they ____
bind a matching antigen presented by an APC-MHC II complex
34
helper T-cells "help" cytotoxic T-cells ____
target cancer and virally infected cells
35
helper T-cells "help" B-cells ____
become plasma cells
36
helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells; steps: ____
1) activation 2) differentiation/replication 3) facilitation
37
helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells: | activation
recognize specific antigen via MHC II presentation
38
helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells: | differentiation/replication
differentiate into subtypes of helper T-cells: - Th1: cellular pathway - Th2: humoral pathway - Treg: peripheral tolerance - Memory cells
39
helper T-cells initiate maturation of B- and T-cells: | facilitation
assist effectors via cytokines
40
3 key signals for activation of Th cells
- MHC II molecule presenting antigen - Co-stimulatory signals - Cytokine stimulation by APC
41
cytotoxic t-lymphocytes (CD8+): - activated by ___ - target ____ - does not involve ____
MHC I-antigen complex, assisted by Th1 subtype; infected, damaged, non-self cells (virus, cancerous, those without correct MHC I molecules like transplanted tissue); antibodies
42
3 key signals for activation of Tc cells
- MHC I molecule presenting antigen - Co-stimulatory signals - Cytokine stimulation by Th1 cells
43
cell-mediated immunity targets
- intracellular microbes - cancer cells - pathologic responses
44
regulatory T-cells: - subset of ____ - provide _____ - prevent _____
helper T-cells; peripheral tolerance; over-activation of immune system
45
peripheral tolerance
- target self-reactive lymphocytes that escape the clonal deletion process or mutate later in its life and are now not able to recognize "self" - shut down self-reactive lymphocytes once they are out

Basic Pathology (21 decks)

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