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Basic Pathology > Cancer II > Flashcards

Cancer II Flashcards

1
Q

cancers are typically named according to ____

A

tissue of origin + suffix “-oma”

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2
Q

benign tumor names

A
  • lipoma: fat cells
  • pituitary adenoma: neuroendocrine cells
  • leimoyoma: smooth muscle cells
  • chondroma: cartilage cells
  • rhabdomyoma: striated muscle cells
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3
Q

malignant tumor nomenclature:

carcinoma

A
  • epithelial origin

- ex: adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma

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4
Q

malignant tumor nomenclature:

sarcoma

A
  • connective tissue origin

- chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma

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5
Q

malignant tumor nomenclature:

lymphoma

A

lymphatic tissue origin

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6
Q

malignant tumor nomenclature:

leukemia

A

blood-forming cell origin

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7
Q

eye cancers

A
  • uveal melanoma
  • primary intraocular lymphoma
  • retinoblastoma
  • orbital/adnexal cancers
  • metastatic cancers
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8
Q

characteristics of benign tumors

A
  • grow slowly
  • well-defined capsule
  • not invasive
  • well differentiated
  • low mitotic index
  • do not metastasize
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9
Q

characteristics of malignant tumors

A
  • grow rapidly
  • not encapsulated
  • invasive
  • poorly differentiated (anaplastic)
  • high mitotic index
  • can spread distantly (metastasis)
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10
Q

deadliest aspect of malignant tumors

A

metastasis

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11
Q

tumor grading

A
  • assesses cellular differentiation
  • histological grade (amount of anaplasia)
  • nuclear grade (size and shape of nucleus, % of tumor cells dividing)
  • low grade= growing and spreading slowly
  • high grade= growing and spreading quickly
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12
Q

tumor doubling time

A
  • measure of malignancy
  • how fast does it double in size?
  • a way to quantify how fast malignant cells populate
  • shorter doubling time= more malignant
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13
Q

local spread

A

direct invasion of contiguous organs by breaking through the basement membrane

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14
Q

metastases to distant organs via ____

A

lymphatic system or blood

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15
Q

metastases by way of ____

A

implantation

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16
Q

local spread and invasion

A
  • cellular multiplication
  • decreased cell-to-cell adhesion
  • increased motility
  • release of lytic enzymes
  • mechanical pressure
17
Q

dysplasia

A

atypical hyperplasia, not causing damage yet

18
Q

in situ neoplasm

A

pre-invasive; intact basement membrane;

abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue

19
Q

squamous carcinoma-in-situ of the conjunctiva

A

aka conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); rapid growth, inflammation, and angiogenesis without breaking through the basement membrane

20
Q

distant metastases often occurs in ____;

-examples?

A

the first capillary bed encountered;

colon –> liver; liver –> lung; lung –> brain

21
Q

meatstatic process

A
  • direct or continuous extension
  • penetration into vessels or body cavities
  • transport into lymph or blood
  • entry and growth in secondary sites
22
Q

angiogenesis

A
  • growth of new vessels
  • late stage of tumor growth
  • initiated by secretion of angiogenic factors
  • deprives neighboring tissues of oxygen and nutrients, which causes ischemia and necrosis
23
Q

benign tumors won’t cause ____ like a malignant tumor can

A

hemorrhaging and necrosis

24
Q

normal stem cells

A
  • self-renewing

- multipotent

25
Q

stem cells in cancer

A
  • may give rise to most or all cancers
  • very small % of cancer cells
  • can’t get rid of cancer until stem cells are gone
26
Q

paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • distant and/or systemic effects of a cancer as a result of substances secreted by the tumor
  • triggered by altered immune system
  • symptoms not directly associated with the tumor
  • usually a result of tumor-produced hormones
  • may be first signs of malignancy
27
Q

manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  • mental aberration
  • neurologic disease
  • hypercalcemia
  • gynecomastia
  • Cushing disease
  • electrolyte imbalances
28
Q

paraneoplastic syndromes associated cancers

A
  • lung carcinoma
  • renal cell carcinoma
  • tumors of endocrine glands
29
Q

how cancer causes pain

A
  • little or no pain
  • pressure
  • obstruction
  • invasion of sensitive structures: bone, brain, and bowel
  • tissue destruction
  • inflammation
30
Q

causes of fatigue in cancer

A
  • sleep disturbance
  • biochemical changes from disease and treatment
  • psychosocial factors
  • level of activity
  • nutritional status and environmental factors
31
Q

cancer causes cachexia

A
  • present in 80% of cancer patients at death
  • most severe form of malnutrition
  • altered protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism
  • anorexia/weight loss
32
Q

clinical manifestations of cancer:

anemia

A
  • medical therapies
  • chronic bleeding
  • severe malnutrition
  • malignancy in blood-forming organs
33
Q

clinical manifestations of cancer:

leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

A
  • deficiency in white blood cells and platelets, respectively
  • increased risk of infection and hemorrhage
  • direct tumor invasion of the bone marrow
  • contributing factors: chemotherapy, malnutrition
34
Q

most common cause of death in cancer patients

A

infection

35
Q

increased risk of infection due to:

A
  • low neutrophil and lymphocyte counts
  • disrupted epithelial barriers
  • surgery
  • nosocomial infections
36
Q

cancer treatment options:

mainstays of treatment

A
  • chemotherapy
  • drug therapy
  • surgery
  • radiation therapy
37
Q

cancer treatment options:

emerging treatment

A
  • immunotherapy
  • targeted molecular therapies (interferons, interleukins, monoclonal antibodies)
  • stem cell transplantation
38
Q

side effects of cancer treatment

A
  • GI tract: mucositis**, malabsorption, nausea, diarrhea
  • hair and skin: alopecia, thinned and dry skin
  • reproductive tract: effects vary
39
Q

ocular effects of cancer treatment

A
  • conjunctivitis
  • dry eyes
  • epiphoria
  • photophobia
  • corneal deposits
  • cataracts
  • pigmentary retinopathy
  • macular edema
  • retinal ischemia
  • optic neuritis

Basic Pathology (21 decks)

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