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Basic Pathology > Fungi, Parasites, and Prions > Flashcards

Fungi, Parasites, and Prions Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi

A
  • eukaryotes
  • yeasts
  • molds
  • dimorphic
  • saprophytes
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2
Q

yeasts

A
  • unicellular
  • budding
  • facultative anaerobes
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3
Q

molds

A
  • multicellular
  • filamentous hyphae
  • spore-forming
  • aerobic
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4
Q

transmission of fungal infections (mainly of saprophytes)

A
  • open wound

- inhalation (spores)

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5
Q

at risk for fungal infection (commensals)

A
  • young
  • old
  • diabetic
  • immunocompromised (severely): HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, post-transplant
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6
Q

fungi ____ to host environment

A

adapt well;

  • wide range of temps
  • digest keratin
  • low O2 requirements
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7
Q

fungi- cytokine effects

A
  • inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a)

- induce production of anti-inflammatory cytokines

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8
Q

fungi- invasion and evasion:

morphological change

A
  • from avirulent to virulent (ex: mold to yeast)

- variable gene expression

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9
Q

fungi- invasion and evasion:

survive phagocytosis

A
  • capsule: provides resistance to phagocytosis
  • gliotoxin: inhibits phagocytosis
  • reproduce inside the phagosome
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10
Q

fungi- invasion and evasion:

immunosuppression

A
  • capsule: blocks recognition by macrophages

- gliotoxin: suppression of mast cell activation (much less of an inflammatory response)

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11
Q

fungi- direct cellular damage

A
  • enzymes: proteases, phospholipase, elastase

- mycotoxins: loss of muscle coordination, weight loss, tremors, ex: aflatoxin (aspergillus)- carcinogenic

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12
Q

fungi- indirect cellular damage

A
  • cell-mediated immune response: T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils
  • granuloma formation: lungs, nervous system, blood vessels
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13
Q

mycoses

A

-fungal infection in an animal

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14
Q

superficial/cutaneous mycoses

A
  • limited to skin and hair
  • dermatophytes: require keratin as part of their metabolic process
  • transmission: person to person, animal to person, soil exposure
  • mechanism of action: host inflammatory response
  • pityriasis versicolor (patches on skin, appear after UV exposure)
  • dermophytosis: fungal infction of the skin
  • characteristic lesion with central clearing
  • tinea/ringworm
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15
Q

subcutaneous mycoses

A
  • subcutaneous fascia, muscle, and deeper epidermal layers

- penetrating trauma

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16
Q

systemic mycoses

A
  • inhalation of spores (pulmonary infection)

- chronic granulomatous disease

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17
Q

tinea capitis

A

scalp

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18
Q

tinea barbae

A

beard

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19
Q

tinea pedis

A

foot

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20
Q

tinea cruris

A

groin

21
Q

tinea unguium

A

nails (also called onychomycosis)

22
Q

candida albicans

A
  • commensal yeast: most common fungal infections in humans*
  • mouth (30-50% of pop), GI tract, vagina (20% of pop)
  • candidiasis/”thrush”: impaired immunity, antibiotic treatment
  • candidosis: disseminated infection, 30-40% mortality
23
Q

aspergillus

A
  • opportunistic fungi
  • ubiquitous, spore-forming
  • mold
  • aspergillosis: lungs, inner ear, sinuses, eye
24
Q

cryptococcus neoformans

A
  • opportunistic fungi
  • ubiquitous, encapsulated yeast
  • often isolated from pigeon droppings
  • cryptococcosis: pulmonary, meningitis, cutaneous (granulomas)
25
Q

pneumocystis jirovecii

A
  • opportunistic fungi
  • ubiquitous yeast
  • AIDS-defining infection
  • also at risk: cancer, chronic immunosuppressant medication
  • pneumocystis pneumonia: cough (often mild and dry), fever, rapid breathing, shortness of breath
26
Q

primary pathogenic fungi

A
  • infection may occur in healthy people
  • respiratory route
  • examples: histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiomycosis, paracoccidiodomycosis
27
Q

histoplasma capsulatum

A
  • dimorphic
  • endemic to the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys
  • found in soil, bird, and bat excreta
  • histoplasmosis: pulmonary granulomas, dissemination to liver, heart, and CNS
28
Q

presumed ocular histoplasmosis

A
  • 4.4% of exposed
  • punched out lesions
  • juxtapapillary atrophy
  • choroidal neovascularization
  • no vitritis
29
Q

protozoa

A
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • trophozoite and cysts forms
  • Giardia lamblia: #1 protozoal infection in US
  • 3 main groups: GI, UG, and blood
30
Q

helminths

A
  • multicellular
  • nematodes
  • flukes
  • tapeworms
31
Q

helminths and protozoa invasion and evasion

A
  • prevent phagoloysosome formation (surviving phagocytosis)
  • variable surface glycoproteins (antigens changing)
  • host antigen coating (ex: fibrin)
  • IgA and IgG proteases
  • soluble antigen release (diffuse immune response, not targeted at infection)
  • inactivation of complement
32
Q

protozoa and helminths: direct cellular damage

A
  • bulk properties: block lumens throughout the body

- toxins

33
Q

protozoa and helminths: indirect cellular damage

A
  • prolonged inflammatory response

- granulomas

34
Q

protozoa and helminths: host immune response

A
  • cell-mediated
  • ADCC
  • eosinophils (helminths)
35
Q

malaria

A
  • mosquito-borne disease (protozoa)
  • 400 million infected/yr
  • 1 million deaths/yr
  • hemolytic, febrile illness: cyclic chills, fever, anemia, splenomegaly (clears RBCs)
  • four main species
  • plasmodium falciparum*
36
Q

toxoplasma gondii

A
  • protozoa
  • complex life-cycle
  • final host is the cat
  • toxoplasmosis: most infections are asymptomatic, may be fatal for fetus or immunocompromised (encephalitis)
  • sources: undercooked meat, contaminated water, handling cat feces
37
Q

toxocara canis

A
  • dog roundworm (nematode)
  • ~10k infections/yr (700 ocular cases)
  • toxicariasis: ingestion of T. canis eggs
  • visceral larva migrans: abdominal pain, headache, weakness, fever, coughing/asthma/pneumonia
38
Q

ocular larva migrans

A
  • vision loss can be severe
  • usually unilateral
  • clinical signs: uveitis, vitritis, neuroretinitis, papillitis, chronic endophthalmitis, white elevated granuloma of retina or optic disc
39
Q

onchocerca volvulus

A
  • transmitted by black fly
  • subcutaneous nodules
  • chronic pruritic dermatitis
  • onchocerciasis: “river blindness”, 2nd most common cause of infectious vision loss, microfilariae migrate to surface of the cornea and anterior chamber, eventual scarring of the cornea
40
Q

antihelminthics

A
  • interfere with helminth neurotransmission
  • inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism (present in humans too)
  • inhibit microtubule synthesis (present in humans too)
41
Q

antiprotozoals

A
  • inhibit protein and RNA synthesis
  • inhibit cell division
  • disrupt genetic material
42
Q

prions

A
  • misformed protein
  • non-living but pathogenic and transmissible
  • “infection”: no DNA or RNA, induce conformational change in other proteins
  • pathogenesis: gradual; neuronal loss (astrocytosis), amyloid plaque formation, no immune response*
  • sponge-like appearance of neural tissue
43
Q

animal prion diseases

A
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow)
  • scrapie (sheep)
  • chronic wasting disease (deer)
44
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

A
  • 200 cases per year in US

- 85% sporadic/5-10% inherited

45
Q

Variant CJD

A
  • ~1% of cases
  • harvested human growth hormone
  • contaminated surgical instruments
  • infected corneal grafts
  • consumption of infected tissues
46
Q

Kuru

A

consumption of human CNS tissue

47
Q

clinical manifestation of prion disease

A
  • long incubation period (slow infection)
  • loss of muscle coordination
  • dementia
  • progressive insomnia
  • no signs of inflammation or fever
  • 90% fatal in 1 year of being diagnosed
48
Q

diagnosis and treatment of prion disease

A

diagnosis:

  • brain biopsies
  • tonsilar biopsies
  • blood test under development

treatment: palliative

Basic Pathology (21 decks)

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