Viral, Parasites Flashcards
1
Q
RNA virus
paramyxoviridae
A
Measles
2
Q
used for influenza A and B
A
oseltamivir
3
Q
use for RSV
A
aerosolised ribavirin
4
Q
used to HSV encephalitis
A
acyclovir
5
Q
used for CMV
A
ganciclovir
6
Q
fusion of infected cells with multinucleated giant cells
warthin finkeldey giant cells
A
measles
7
Q
4 phases of measles
A
incubation, prodromal, exanthematous, recovery
8
Q
koplik spots appear
A
1-4 days prior to rash in measles
9
Q
measles antibody appears after __ and lasts up to __
A
1-2 days, 1 month
10
Q
most common cause of death in measles
A
pneumonia
11
Q
most common complication of measles
A
acute otitis media
12
Q
virus of SSPE missing this protein
A
M
involved in budding
13
Q
diagnosis of SSPE at least one
A
- measles antibody in CSF
- EEG suppression burst episodes
- histologic brain tissue
14
Q
DOC for SSPE
A
carbamazepine
15
Q
vit A in measles
A
50, 000 <6mo
100, 000 6-12mo
200,000 >12mo
16
Q
side effect of measles vaccine
A
thrombocytopenia
17
Q
single stranded RNA
Togaviridae
A
rubella
18
Q
maternal rubella infection most severe when
A
first 8 weeks of gestation
19
Q
rose coloured lesions on oropharynx
A
Forchheimer spots
rubella
20
Q
most serious complication of postnatal rubella
A
encephalitis
21
Q
cns rubella similar to SSPE
A
PRP
progressive rubella panencephalitis
22
Q
most common finding in congenital rubella
A
hearing loss with microcephaly
23
Q
retinal finding in congenital rubella
A
salt and pepper retinopathy
24
Q
most serious eye finding in congenital rubella
A
cataract
25
babies with congenital rubella can excrete virus up to
1 year
26
if preggers had exposure to rubella but with negative antibody
repeat test 2-3 weeks
if (+) in either 2nd or 3rd, infection happened
if (-), repeat 3rd test after 6 weeks, if all are (-) then no infection
27
single stranded RNA
| family paramyxoviridae, genus rubulavirus
mumps
28
virus in mumps appears
in saliva up to 7 days before symptoms to 7 days after onset of parotid swelling
29
mumps meningitis manifests __ days after parotitis
5 days
30
T or F:
| false negative PPD result after mumps vaccine
true
31
T or F:
| egg allergy CI to measles vaccination
F
32
T or F:
| egg allergy CI to mumps vaccination
T
33
positive stranded RNA
| picornaviridae
polio
34
route of transmission polio
fecal oral
35
polio primarily infects
anterior horn cells (motor) and medulla oblongata (cranial nerve nuclei)
36
t or f:
| polio has sensory deficit
motor and DTRs only
37
what is VAPP
vaccine associated paralytic polio
| some vaccine strains/revertants develop neurovirulent phenotype leading to paralysis
38
best place to culture polio 1 week after illness
stool
39
maximum paralysis of polio __ days
2-3 days after onset of paralysis
40
t or f
| breastfeeding reduces chances of enteroviruses
t
41
hand foot mouth disease frequently caused by
coxsakie a16
42
fever, soar throat, dysphagia, and lesions in posterior pharynx
dx? cause?
herpangina
| enterovirus 71 but can also be coxsakie A
43
paroxysmal thoracic pain
dx?
cause?
pleurodynia or Bornholm disease
| coxsakie B and echovirus
44
acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
enterovirus 70 and coxsakie a24
45
commonly implicated in myocarditis
coxsakie b
46
secondmost cause of orchitis (after mumps)
coxsakie
47
implicated in cases of nephritis and IgA nephropathy
enteroviruses
48
most common cause of viral meningitis in mumps immunised population
enteroviruses
49
css findings in enterovirus meningitis
slight pleocytosis, predominantly PMS in first 48 hours, normal or slightly low glucose, normal or slightly high protein
50
bacterial and viral ddx
| Nonspecific febrile illness
BACTERIAL
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus in uenzae type b, Neisseria meningitides
VIRAL
In uenza viruses, human herpesviruses 6 and 7, human parechoviruses
51
bacterial and viral ddx
| Exanthems/enanthems
BACTERIAL
Group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, N. meningitides
VIRAL
Herpes simplex virus, adenoviruses, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, measles virus, rubella virus, human herpesviruses 6 and 7, human parechoviruses
52
bacterial and viral ddx
| Respiratory illness/conjunctivitis
BACTERIAL
S. pneumoniae, H. in uenzae (nontypeable and type b), N. meningitidis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumonia
VIRAL
Adenoviruses, in uenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, parain uenza viruses, rhinoviruses, human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses
53
bacterial and viral ddx
| Myocarditis/pericarditis
BACTERIAL
S. aureus, H. in uenzae type b, M. pneumonia
VIRAL
coxsakie Adenoviruses, in uenza virus, parvovirus, cytomegalovirus
54
bacterial and viral ddx
| Meningitis/encephalitis
BACTERIAL
S. pneumoniae, H. in uenzae type b,
N. meningitidis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, M. pneumoniae, Bartonella henselae, Listeria monocytogenes
VIRAL
Herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, in uenza viruses, adenoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, mumps virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, arboviruses, human parechoviruses
55
bacterial and viral ddx
| Neonatal infections
BACTERIAL
Group B streptococcus, Gram-negative enteric bacilli, L. monocytogenes, Enterococcus
VIRAL
Herpes simplex virus, adenoviruses, cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, human parechoviruses
56
erythema infectiosum or fifth disease
| aplastic crisis
parvovirus b19
57
target cells of parvovirus
erythroid
58
most sensitive trimester to parvovirus b19
2nd trimester
59
fever, pruritus, painful edema, erythema localised to distal extremities "gloves and socks"
dx? cause?
PPGSS papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
| parvovirus b19
60
leading cause of fatal encephalitic in children and adults
HSV encephalitis
61
most common manifestation of HSV1
fever blisters or cold sores or herpes labialis
62
local burning and tenderness over genitals before vesicle formation
vesicles then become ulcers
HSV2
63
area of brain affected by HSV
frontal or temporal and limbic system
64
fever, nuchal rigidity, anosmia, memory loss, peculiar behaviour, expressive aphasia, hallucination, focal seizure
HSV enchephalitis
65
most common cause of recurrent aseptic meningitis
Mollaret meningitis - caused by HSV
66
newborn presents at 8-17 days old of life with vesicles, irritability, lethargy, poor feeding poor tone, seizures
neonatal HSV
67
gold standard for diagnosing HSV
viral culture
68
treatment of HSV encephalitis
acyclovir 10mkdose q8 x 14-21 days
69
treatment of neonatal HSV
acyclovir 60mkday TID x 14 (skin), 21 days (disseminated)
70
t or f
| male circumcision is associated with reduced risk go acquiring genital HSV
true
71
what is breakthrough varicella
rash that appears after being vaccinated 42days prior
72
breakthrough varicella caused by
wild type virus
73
infants born to mothers with varicella present high risk if
with rash 5 days prior to delivery or 2 days after delivery
74
varicella igG able to cross placenta after _ weeks aog
30 wks
75
t or f
| all preterms should receive ivig if mom develops varicella even if >1wk
true
76
cicatricial skin scarring, limb hypoplasia, microcephaly, chorioretinits, cataracts, hydronephrosis, iugr
congenital varicella
77
secondary bacterial infections associated with varicella
strep
| staph
78
neurologic complications of varicella
encephalitis and cerebellar ataxia
79
csf findings varicella
mild lymphocytic pleocytosis, slight increase protein, normal glucose
80
findings on tzanck smear for varicella
multinucleated giant cells
81
triad of fatigue, pharyngitis, generalised lymphadenopathy
EBV
| mononucleosis
82
first human virus to be associated with malignancy
EBV
83
EBV associated in HIV adults benign
oral hairy leukoplakia
84
EBV associated in HIV kids
lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis
85
malignant EBV associated
| CLAD, eustachian tube blockage, nasal obstruction with epistaxis
NPCA
86
most common childhood cancer in east africa
endemic african burkitt lymphoma
87
protooncogene in burkitt
c-myc
88
hodgkin disease associated with
EBV
89
morbilliform vasculitic rash seen after giving beta lactam antibiotic to patient with mononucleosis
ampicillin rash
90
symmetric rash on cheeks that coalesce into plaques
lasts 15-50 days
dx? associated with?
gianotti crosti syndrome
91
diseases associated with atypical lymphocytosis
EBV, CMV, toxoplasmosis, rubella, viral hepatitis, roseola, mumps, tb, typhoid, mycoplasma, malaria, drug reaction
92
heterophiles antibody test
EBV
| paul bunnell antibodies
93
blunt ab trauma in patients with EBV
splenic rupture (due to splenomegaly)
94
prednisone in ebv indicated in
airway obstruction, thrombocytopenia,
| autoimmune haemolytic anemia, seizure, meningitis
95
most feared complication in ebv
sub scapular splenic hemorrhage
| splenic rupture
96
perceptual distortions in sizes, shapes and spatial relations associated with EBV
alice in wonderland syndrome
| metamorphsia
97
immunodeficiency with high mortality to EBV
duncan syndrome
| x linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
98
most common opportunistic infection in HIV prior to antiretroviral
CMV
99
largest human herpesvirus
cmv
100
rate of transmission in breast milk CMV
60-70%
101
clinical findings congenital cmv
hepatosplenomegaly, petechial rash, jaundice, microcephaly, iugr, hearing loss
102
lab findings congenital cmv
hyperbilirunemia, elevated transaminase, thrombocytopenia, anemia, abnormal cuts/ct
103
lab diagnosis of CMV
recovery of virus within first 3 weeks of life
104
histopath finding of CMV
owl eye inclusion
| nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions
105
treatment of congenital cmv
6wk ganciclovir
106
roseola infantum
exanthem subitum
sixth disease
human herpesvirus 6
107
high fever which resolves after 72 hours followed by blanching evanescent rash (trunk) 1-3 days
roseola infantum
exanthem subitum
sixth disease
human herpesvirus 6
108
ulcer at uvulopalatoglossal junction
```
nagayama spot
roseola infantum
exanthem subitum
sixth disease
human herpesvirus 6
```
109
mir findings of HHV6
areas of hyper intense T2 and fluid attenuation inversion on hippocampus, uncut, amygdala
110
gold standard for diagnosing HHV6
viral culture
111
most common complication of roseola
seizures
112
kaposi sarcoma
hhv 8
113
anemia, thrombocytopenia, lad
| hhv8
multi centric castleman disease
114
primary diagnostic in hhv8
elisa
115
hhv 8
| lymphomatous invasion of the pleura, pericardium
primary effusion based lymphoma
116
treatment hhv8
rapamycin
117
rna
| orthomyxoviridae
influenza
118
primary human pathogens influenza
a and b
119
minor changes within serotype
antigenic drift
120
major changes within serotype
antigenic shift
121
pathogenesis of influenza
infect respiratory epithelium
loss of ciliary function
decreased mucus production
122
common complications of influenza
otitis media
| penumonia
123
secondmost common cause of viral pneumonia
parainfluenza
124
croup
| barking cough
parainfluenza
125
narrowing of subglottic region
steeple sign
| croup
126
emergency treatment of croup
dexamethasone 0.6mg/kg single dose
| aerosolised epinephrine
127
major cause of bronchiolitis
RSV
| respiratory syncytial virus
128
one of the most contagious viruses to affect humans
rsv
129
t or f
| bronchiolitis is more common in boys
true
| 1.5:1 ratio
130
first sign of infection RSV
rhinorrhea
131
car findings rsv
hyper expansion
peribronchial thickening
interstitial infiltrates
132
definitive diagnosis of RSV
viral culture
133
treatment for rsv
ribavirin
134
passive immunoprophylaxis in rsv
palizumab
135
one of the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract infections
human metapnuemovirus
136
most sensitive test for human metapnuemovirus
reverse transcriptase PCR
137
most common manifestation of adenovirus
respiratory tract infection
138
cornea and conjunctiva involved by adenovirus
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
139
most frequent cause of common cold
rhinovirus
140
important cause of exacerbation of asthma or COPD in adults
rhinovirus
141
t or f
| rhinovirus associated wheezing is an important risk factor for developing asthma
true
142
cause of SARS
coronaviruses
143
in early childhood, single most important casuse of severe dehydrating diarrhea
rotavirus
144
pathogenesis of viral diarrhea
destroy villi
145
most common finding in viral enteritis
isotonic dehydration with acidosis
146
complication of rotavirus vaccine
intussusception
147
most prevalent viral STI in usa
human papillomavirus
148
most common clinically detected cervical lesion hpv
LSIL
| low grade squamous epithelial lesion
149
infants acquire hpv by passage to infected birth canal leading to recurrent _
respiratory papillomatosis
150
hpv related malignant potential
epidermodysplasia veruciformis
151
low risk malignant hpv types
6 and 11
| genital warts
152
high risk malignant hpv types
16 and 18
153
repeat cytology for LSIL
every 12 months
154
removal of warts
```
topical podofilox
salicylic acid
cryotherapy
laser
electrosurgery
```
155
principal vector of japanese encephalitis
culex tritaeniorhynchus summarosus
156
4 stages of japanese encephalitis
prodromal 2-3 days
acute 3-4 days
subacute 7-10 days
convalescence 4-7 weeks
157
characteristic of jap enceph
rapidly changing nervous system signs
158
in dengue severe back pain precedes fever
back break fever
159
temperature pattern in dengue
biphasic
| saddleback
160
dengue hemorrhagic fever
fever (2-7 days in duration or biphasic), minor or major hemorrhagic manifestations, thrombocytopenia (≤100,000/μL), and objective evidence of increased capillary permeability (hematocrit increased by ≥20%), pleural e usion or ascites (by chest radiography or ultrasonography), or hypoalbuminemia
161
dengue shock syndrome
dengue hemorrhagic fever as well as hypoten- sion, tachycardia, narrow pulse pressure (≤20 mm Hg), and signs of poor perfusion (cold extremities)
162
dengue IgM disappear after
6-12 weeks
163
most common cbc finding in dengue
hemoconcentration
164
most common complication of dengue in infants and young kids
fluid and electrolyte losses, hyperexia, and febrile seizure
165
what receptor does rabies virus utilize
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
166
pathologic hallmark of rabies
negri body
| clumped viral nucleocapsids that create inclusion bodies
167
most common cause of death in rabies
arrhythmia
168
2 clinical forms of rabies
encephalitic or furious rabies
| paralytic or dumb rabies
169
cardinal signs of rabies
hydrophobia
| aerophobia
170
most sensitive test for rabies
RT PCR
171
prophylaxis of cerebrovascular spasm in rabies
nimodipine
172
t or f
| bites of rats/mice can cause rabies
false
173
t or f
| cat bite can cause rabies
true
174
HIV envelope protein used in detection assays
gp41
175
binding site to CD4 T
gp120
176
enzyme critical for HIV assembly
protease
177
all kids < 13 years old have HIV via
vertical transmission
178
highest percentage of infants with HIV obtained
intrapartum
| exposure to blood/ cervicovaginal secretions
179
risk of transmission of HIV through breastfeeding
9-16%
180
elective cesearen section plus zidovudine decrease HIV transmission by
87%
181
reservoirs of HIV in body
monocytes
182
first cell to be infected by HIV
dendritic cells
183
increased inflammatory response of a subclinical infection in a HIV kid that just started antiretroviral
immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
due to recovered immune system
184
most common opportunistic infection in children with hiv
pneumocystis jirovecii
185
most common fungal infection in hiv kids
oral candidiasis
186
neuroimaging in hiv encephalitis
cerebral atrophy (85%), ventriculomegaly, basal ganglia calcification, leukomalacia
187
most common GI disease in HIV
chronic or recurrent diarrhea with malabsorption, ab pain, dysphagia, failure to thrive
188
infants born to HIV mothers lose maternal antibody at 6-12mo
seroreverters
189
to make diagnosis of HIV in infants
igM, igA, anti HIV, igG
190
HIV viral diagnostic assay useful in <18m
HIV DNA PCR
191
HIV viral testing in newborns should be done
1-2 days old
192
if negative HIV viral testing for newborns negative initially, when to repeat
1-2months of age
193
HIV can be excluded for infant if
2 tests negative with at least 1 test >4mo age
194
for adolescents with HIV, what should we follow? adult or pedia dosing?
based on tanner stage
stage 1-3 use pedia dosing
stage 4-5 use adult dosing
195
initial virologic response to ARVs for HIV
decrease in load 5 fold after 4-8 weeks
196
maximum response to HIV therapy at
12-16week
197
hiv viral load should be measured every
3-6 mo
198
potential toxicity of drugs
hema- tologic complications (e.g., ZDV); hypersensitivity rash (e.g., efavi- ranz); lipodystrophy (e.g., redistribution of body fat seen with NRTIs, protease inhibitors); hyperlipidemia (elevation of cholesterol and tri- glyceride concentrations); hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance (e.g., protease inhibitors); mitochondrial toxicity leading to severe lactic acidosis (e.g., stavudine, didanosine); electrocardiogram abnormalities (e.g., atazanavir, lopinavir); abnormal bone mineral metabolism (e.g., tenofovir); and hepatic toxicity, including severe hepatomegaly with steatosis.
199
MAC prophylaxis in HIV
azithromycin or clarithromycin
200
AFASS
```
acceptable
feasible
affordable
sustainable
safe
```
201
2 kinds of parasites
protozoan (unicellular)
| helminths (multicellular)
202
fever, jaundice, proteinura and hemorrhage
yellow fever
203
eosinophilic degradation of hepatocytes
councilman bodies
| yellow fever
204
nitazoxanide used for
cryptosporidium
| giargia
205
atovaquone/proguanil use
pnemocystis in aids
| inhibit liver stage of plasmodium (malaria)
206
artemisinin used for
plasmodium vivax
207
drug of choice for asymptomatic amebiasis
paromomycin
| alternatives: iodoquinol, diloxanide
208
drug of choice amebic menigoencephalitis
amphotericin b
209
drug of choice for symptomatic amebiasis
metronidazole
210
drug of choice for Ancylostoma caninum (eosinophilic enterocolitis)
albendazole
211
drug of choice for ascariasis
albendazole
212
drug of choice for Babesiosis
atovaquone plus azithromycin
213
drug of choice for Balantidiasis
tetracycline
214
drug of choice blastocystis hominis
metronidazole
215
drug of choice for Cryptosporidiosis
nitazoxanide
216
drug of choice for Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption, dog and cat hookworm)
albendazole
217
drug of choice Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
albendazole
218
drug of choice for
| Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori)
Diethylcarbamazine
219
drug of choice for Loa loa
Diethylcarbamazine
220
drug of choice for Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE)
Diethylcarbamazine
221
drug of choice for Onchocerca volvulus
| river blindness
Invermectin
222
drug of choice for Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke)
Triclabendazole
223
drug of choice for Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke)
Praziquantel
224
drug of choice for Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)
metronidazole
225
drug of choice for Hookworm infection (Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus)
albendazole
226
drug of choice for Leishmania infection
Sodium stibogluconate
227
drug of choice for Lice infestation (Pediculus humanus, Pediculus capitis, Phthirus pubis)50
0.5% Malathion
228
drug of choice for P. falciparum acquired in areas of chloroquine resistance
Atovaquone/ proguanil
229
drug of choice for P. vivax acquired in areas of chloroquine resistance
```
Quinine sulfate
plus
doxycycline
plus
primaquine
```
230
drug of choice
All Plasmodium except chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and chloroquine-resistant P. vivax (areas without chloroquine resistance)
Chloroquine phosphate
231
drug of choice for All Plasmodium
| Parenteral (severe infection; chloroquine-sensitive and resistant)
Quinidine gluconate (IV)
232
drug of choice for Microsporidiosis
```
albendazole
plus fumagillin (if eye)
```
233
Scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei)
| Drug of choice
5% Permethrin
234
drug of choice for Schistosomiasis
praziquantel
235
drug of choice for Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis)
ivermectin
236
```
drug of choice for tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum ( sh), Taenia saginata (beef), Taenia solium (pork), Dipylidium caninum (dog)
```
praziquantel
237
drug of choice for Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)
Pyrimethamine
plus
sulfadiazine
238
drug of choice for Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis)
steroids plus albendazole
239
drug of choice for Trypanosoma cruzi
| American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease
Benznidazole
240
drug of choice for Visceral larva migrans (Toxocariasis)
albendazole
| mebendazole
241
drug of choice for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West African trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness)
hemolytic: Pentamidine isethionate or suramin
late CNS: Melarsoprol
242
albendazole absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is poor but improved with a concomitant
high fat meal
243
serious adverse effect of ivermection
Mazzotti reaction
fever, urticaria, swollen and tender lymph nodes, tachycardia, hypotension, arthralgias, oedema, and abdominal pain that occur within seven days of treatment
244
common forms of entamoeba in humans
amebic colitis
| amebic liver abscess
245
3rd leading cause of parasitic death worldwide
amebiasis
246
flasked shaped ulcers in intestinal epithelium
amebiasis
247
most common imaging finding in amebic liver abscess
single abscess in right hepatic lobe
248
diagnosis of amebiasis
presence of e. histolytica in stool exam
249
most common intestinal parasite seen in usa
giardia
250
which immunodeficiencie predispose to Giardia infection
humoral immunodeficiencies
common variable hypoglammaglobulinemia
x-linked agammaglobulinemia
251
foul smelling greasy stools with no blood, mucus, or leukocytes
giardia lamblia
252
test of choice for iardia
stool enzyzme immunoassay
253
largest protozoan that infects humans?
| vector?
balantidium coli
| pigs
254
leading protozoal cause of diarrhea in kids
| common cause of outbreak in day care centers
cryptosporidium
255
cryptosporidiosis in ICC associated with
biliary tract disease, pancreatitis, respiratory tract disease
256
diagnostic of choice for cryptosporidiosis
enzyme immuoassay
257
most common nonviral STI
trichomonas vaginalis
258
frothy discharge with vaginal erythema and cervical hemorrhage
strawberry cervix
| trichomoniasis
259
leishmaniasis transmitted by
phlebotomine sandflies
260
abudant histiocytes and kupffer cells
| specialized stellate macrophages located in the liver
amastigotes
| leishmaniasis
261
positive delayedtype hypersensitivity skin response to leishmanial antigens
Montenegro skin test
262
visceral leishmaniasis
kala azar
| high fever, marked splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and cachexia
263
definitive diagnosis of leishmaniasis
amastigotes seen on tissue specimens
264
trypanosomiasis transmitted by
tsetsefly
| glossina
265
large strawberry like cells supposedly derived from plasma cells in brain
morular cells
| trypanosomiasis
266
site of bite of tsetse fly
| hard painful nodule
trypanosomai chancre
267
drowsiness, uncontrollable urge to sleep, ataxia, tremor, rigidity
sleeping sickness
| trypanosomiasis
268
definitive diagnosis of trypanosomiasis in early stage
blood smear
269
arthropod vectors of chagas t. cruzi
reduviid inset
| wild bedbugs, assassin bugs, kissing bugs
270
local tissue reaction in which trypanosmona lyse the microphages, at site of entry
chagoma
271
unilateral painless swelling of eye
Romana sign
| chagas disease
272
most common presentation of chronic T. Cruzi infection
cardiomyopathy
273
fever, chills, sweats, fatigue, anemia, and splenomegaly
malaria
274
2 phases of plasmodium
human (asexual)
| mosquito (sexual)
275
human liver phase of malaria
exoerythrocytic phase
sporozoites enter the hepatocytes of the liver, where they develop and multiply asexually as a schizont. After 1-2 wk, the hepatocytes rupture and release thousands of merozoites into the circulation.
276
RBC phase of malaria
erythrocytic phase
| when they invade RBC, turn into ring form then enlarges to become a trophozoite
277
in malaria fever occurs when
erythrocytes rupture and release merozoites into the circulation
278
in malaria fever occurs when
erythrocytes rupture and release merozoites/schizont into the circulation
279
t or f
| erythrocytes lacking duffy blood group resistant to P vivax
true
280
paroxyms of fever in P vivax and ovale
48 hours
281
paroxyms of fever P malariae
72 hours
282
most severe form of malaria
p falciparum
283
complications of p. falciparum
cerebral malaria, acute renal failure, respiratory distress from metabolic acidosis, algid malaria and bleeding diatheses
284
congenital malaria
fever, restlessness, drowsiness, pallor, jaundice, poor feeding, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis, and hepatosplenomegaly
285
diagnosis of malaria
blood smear with giema stain
286
thick smear blood malaria
to scan
287
thin smear blood malaria
to identify species
288
treatment for p. knowlesi
chloroquine plus sulfadoxine pyrimethamin
289
used to eradicate hypnozoites in liver
primaquine
290
primaquine causes hemolytic anemia in
g6pd deficiency
291
most common severe complication of malaria
severe malarial anemia
292
first line therapy seizures in malaria
benzodiazepines
293
complication in malaria in kids taking quinine
hypoglycemia
294
what symptom in malaria is associated with worse outcome
jaundice
295
mefloquinone, a prohyacti drug for malaria, should not be given to
those with hypersensitivity to the drug,
receiving cardiotropic drugs,
psych disorders, epilepsy, or area with resistance
296
most common latent infection in humans
toxoplasma gondii
297
toxoplasmosis acquired by
ingesting raw or undercooked food with oocytes
| from cats
298
statistics in congenital toxoplasmosis
if 1st trimester 17% infected but severe
| if 3rd trimester 65% infected but mild
299
toxoplasmic encephalitis with AIDs
fever, headache, altered mental status, psychosis, cognitive impairment, seizures, and focal neurologic defects, including hemiparesis, aphasia, ataxia, visual eld loss, cranial nerve palsies, and dysmetria or movement disorders
300
chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and cerebral calcifications
congenital toxoplasmosis
301
brain calcifications in toxoplasmosis seen in
caudate nucleaus
basal ganglia
choroid plexus
subependymal
302
pyrimethamine contraindicated
during 1st trimester
303
side effect of pyrimethamine
neutropenia
304
what can be concomittantly given to pyrimethamine to prevent bone marriow suppression
folinic acid or leukovorin
305
treatment for pregnant women that acquire toxoplasmosis during pregnancy
spiramycin
306
causes of lymphatic filariasis
brugia malayi, brugia timori, and wuchereria bancrofti
307
recurrent lymphangitis fever headache then eventually obstruction of lymph flow leading to edema
filariasis
308
causes chronic scrotal edema
wuchereria bancrofti
309
migration worms thru skin lead to transient episodes of pruritus and edema
ca;abar swellings
310
muscle fiber after ingestion of this worm contains cyst wall especially from uncooked pork
trichinella spiralis
311
snail fever
| katayama syndrome
acute schistosomiasis
312
cercarial penetration in skin by schistosoma
swimmers itch
| schitosomal dermatitis
313
fever chills sweating LAD hepatosplenomegaly eosinophilia
katayama syndrome
314
beef tapeworm
taenia saginata
315
pork tapeworm
taenia solium
316
most anterior end of tapeworm anchors to intestine
scolex
317
longest human tapeworm
diphyllobotrium latum
fish tapeworm
>10m
318
taperworm that causes megaloblastic anemia (low b12 or folate)
diphyllobotrium latum
| fish tapeworm
319
disease in which pork taperworm taenia solium invade CNS
neurocysticercosis
320
presenting finding in neurocysticercosis
seizure
321
drug of choice for neurocysticercosis
albendazole
| +- prednisolone
322
most widespread nematode infection in the world
hydatid disease or hydatidosis
| Echinococcosis
323
common site Echinococcosis in kids
lung
324
preferred therapy in Echinococcosis or hydatid disease
CT PAIR
| CT guided percutaneous aspiration instillation and reaspiration
325
drug of choice for hydatid disease or Echinococcosis
albendazole
326
leading cause of death worlwide
tb
