Neonate Flashcards
small white rash on erythematous base
erythema toxicum contains
eosinophils
vesicopustular eruption
pusutular melanosis contains
PMNs or neutrophils
hard palate beside raphe accumulation of epithelial cells
epstein pearls
solid flank mass
hematuria
hypertension
thrombocytopenia
renal vein thrombosis
urine output in neonates
void by 12 hrs
about 95% preterm and term void in 24 hours
meconium passage
usually 12 hours
99% of term and 95% preterm pass by 48 hrs
t or f
apgar used to predict neuro outcome
false
convection
heat energy to cooler surroundings
conduction
heat to colder materials touching baby
radiation
infant to other nearby cooler object
evaporation
skin and lungs
nursery temp at
22-26 degrees celsius
vernix shed in
2-3 days
advantage circumcision
decrease: phimosis uti penile cancer std hiv
most accurate measure AOG in utz first trimester
crown rump length
most accurate measure AOG in utz up to 30wks
biparietal diameter
most common cause of fetal distress
uteroplacental insufficiency
uteroplacental insufficiency
manifests as
iugr
fetal hypoxia
increased vascular resistance of fetal vessels
mixed respiratory and metabolic acidosis
components of bpp
heart rate movement tone breathing amniotic fluid volume
high risk for fetal alcohol syndrome if
> 7drinks per week
or >3drinks at a time
lecithin: sphingomyelin ratio indicative of lung maturity
2:1
oligohydramnios
Amniotic fluid leak/rupture of membranes Intrauterine growth restriction Fetal anomalies Twin–twin transfusion (donor) Renal agenesis (Potter syndrome) Urethral atresia Prune-belly syndrome Pulmonary hypoplasia Amnion nodosum Indomethacin Angiotensin-converting enzyme
polyhydramnios
Anencephaly Hydrocephaly Tracheoesophageal fistula Duodenal atresia Spina bifida Cleft lip or palate Cystic adenomatoid lung malformation Diaphragmatic hernia
Syndromes: Achondroplasia Klippel-Feil Trisomy 18 Trisomy 21 TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other agents, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex) Hydrops fetalis Multiple congenital anomalies
Accutane (isotretinoin)
Facial-ear anomalies, heart disease, CNS anomalies
Alcohol
Congenital cardiac, CNS, limb anomalies; IUGR; developmental delay; attention deficits; autism
Amphetamines
Congenital heart disease, IUGR, withdrawal
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
and angiotensin receptor antagonists
Oligohydramnios, IUGR, renal failure, Potter-like syndrome
Azathioprine
Abortion
Carbamazepine
Spina bifida, possible neurodevelopmental delay
Carbon monoxide
Cerebral atrophy, microcephaly, seizures
Chloroquine
Deafness
Cigarette smoking
LBW for gestational age
Cocaine/crack
Microcephaly, LBW, IUGR, behavioral disturbances
Danazol
Virilization
Lithium
Ebstein anomaly, macrosomia
Methyl mercury
Minamata disease, microcephaly, deafness, blindness, mental retardation
Misoprostol
Arthrogryposis, cranial neuropathies (Möbius syndrome), equinovarus
Mycophenolate mofetil
Craniofacial, limb, cardiovascular, CNS anomalies
Penicillamine
Cutis laxa syndrome
Phenytoin
Congenital anomalies, IUGR, neuroblastoma, bleeding (vitamin K deficiency)
Prednisone
Oral clefts
Quinine
Abortion, thrombocytopenia, deafness
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Small increased risk of congenital anomalies, persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn
Statins
IUGR, limb deficiencies, VACTERAL
Stilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol [DES])
Vaginal adenocarcinoma in adolescence
Streptomycin
Deafness
Tetracycline
Retarded skeletal growth, pigmentation of teeth, hypoplasia of enamel, cataract, limb
malformations
Thalidomide
Phocomelia, deafness, other malformations
Toluene (solvent abuse)
Craniofacial abnormalities, prematurity, withdrawal symptoms, hypertonia
Topiramate
Cleft lip
Valproate
CNS (spina bifida), facial and cardiac anomalies, limb defects, impaired neurologic function, autism
spectrum disorder
Vitamin D
Supravalvular aortic stenosis, hypercalcemia
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Fetal bleeding and death, hypoplastic nasal structures
Phenobarbital—
bleeding diathesis (vitamin K deficiency), possible long-term reduction in IQ, sedation
Dexamethasone—
periventricular leukomalacia
amnion nodosum (granules in amnion) and oligohydramnios assoc with
pulmonary hypoplasia and renal agenesis
fetal transfusion syndrome
difference 5g/dL
>20% weight difference
Symmetric iugr
Earlier onset Chromosomal Genetic Teratogen Malformation Infection Severe hypertension
Asymmetric iugr
Late onset
Preserve Doppler waveform in carotids
Poor maternal nutrition
Preeclampsia, chronic hypertension
Insensible water loss <1000g infant
2-3 ml/kg/hr
Insensible water loss 2000-2500g infant
0.6 - 0.7 ml/kg/hr
Parental nutrition requirements
2.5-3.5 g/dL amino acids
10-15 g/dL glucose
2.2 kcal/mL intralipid
Calorie intake >100kcal per kg per 24 hr
Gain 15g /kg/24 hours
Positive nitrogen balance 150-200mg.kg.24hrs
Tip of not should be
2.5cm or 1 inch from lower end of stomach
Swelling that crosses suture lines
Caput succedaneum
Subperiosteal bleeding
Limited to one bone
Cephalhematoma
Collection of blood under aponeurosis
Usually in vacuum
Ruptured emissary veins
Subgaleal hematoma
Tears in tentorium cerebelli
Subdural hemorrhage
IVH found in
Gelatinous subependymal germinal matrix
Predisposing factors for IVH include
prematurity, RDS, hypoxicischemic or hypotensive injury, reperfusion injury of damaged vessels, increased or decreased cerebral blood flow, reduced vascular integrity, increased venous pressure, pneumothorax, thrombocytopenia, hypervolemia, and hypertension.
Ventriculomegaly is defined as
mild (0.5-1 cm dilation), moderate (1.0-1.5 cm dilation), or severe (>1.5 cm dilation).
Cutz to screen for ivh
For <1000g highest risk
<32 weeks aog
Done within first 3-7 days of life
Repeat cutz to check for PVL
36-40 weeks aog
Cystic lesion 2-4 weeks after
Target Temp therapeutic hypothermia
33.5 first six hours
For 72 hours
Poor prognosis HIE
pH <6.7
Apgar scores of 0-3 at 5 min, high base deficit (>20-25 mmol/L), decerebrate posture, severe basal ganglia–thalamic lesions, persistence of severe HIE at 72 hr, and lack of spontaneous activity are also at increased risk for death or impairment.
Brain death HIE
coma unresponsive to pain, auditory, or visual stimulation; apnea with Pco2 rising from 40 to >60 mm Hg without ventilatory support; and absence of brainstem reflexes (pupillary, oculocephalic, oculovestibular, corneal, gag, sucking)
Persistent for 2 days in term, 3 days preterm
Typical spinal cord injuries at birth
level of the 4th cervical vertebra with cephalic presentations and the lower cervical–upper thoracic vertebrae with breech presentations
First thoracic root injured especially sympathetic
Paralyzed hand
Ptosis
Miosis
Horner syndrome
Which paralysis has better prognosis
Upper or lower part of arm
Upper part of arm
Nerve injury edema and heals spontaneously
Neuropraxia
Nerve injury with intact myelination sheath but nerve fiber disrupted
Axonotmesis
Nerve injury total disruption or root avulsion
Neurotmesis
Lung catecholamines for transition to neonatal life
Vasopressin
Prolactin
Glucocorticoids
risk for RDS
premature maternal diabetes multiple births cs precipitous delivery asphyxia cold stress maternal hx of prev babies
RDS causes
dec lung compliance
insuff alveolar ventilation
small tidal vol
inc dead space
indication for ventilation and surfactant
on CPAP 40-70% o2 but still with sats <85%
contraindication to indomethacin
plt <50, 000 bleeding oliguria up 1cc/kg/hr nec intestinal perforation crea >1.8 mg/dL
four histo stages of bpd
- acute lung injury
- exudative bronchiolitis
- proliferative bronchiolitis
- obliterative fibroproliferative bronchiolitis
oxygenation index formula
= MAP x Fio2 x 100/ PaO2
mean airway pressure
[(PIP - PEEP) x. RR x IT / 60 ] + PEEP
OI >40
mortality >80%
ECMO not used for
high risk of IVH
<2kg
<34 weeks
anteromedial CDH
morgagni
posterolateral CDH
bochdaleck
poor prognosis CDH
lung head ratio <1
(good prognosis if >1.4)
presence of liver in thoracic cavity
paraesophageal hernia
gastroesophageal junction is in normal place
air on xray
15-30 mins in jejenum
2-3 hrs ileum
3 hrs colon
absence of rectal gas by __ hrs is abnormal
24hrs
xray meconium ileus
loops may vary in width
bubbly granular appearance in severe cases
tx meconium ileus or plug
gastrografin enema
triad of NEC
- ischemia
- enteral nutrition
- bacterial translocation
pathogens recovered NEC
e coli klebsiella clostridium perfringens staph epidermidis astrovirus norovirus roatvirus
indication of surgery for nec
pneumoperitoneum
postive culture on paracentesis
relative indication for nec
failure of med tx
single fixed bowel loop
ab wall erythema
palpable mass
mechanism of hyperbil
- increased liver load
- reduced activity of transferase enzyme
- competes or blocks transferase enzyme
- decreased bili uptake in liver
jaundice in indirect hyperbil
bright yellow
jaundice in direct hyperbil
green or muddy yellow
value of bilis on pe
face 5mg/dL
mid ab 15
soles 20
autosomal recessive
high unconjugated bili
nonhemolytic
crigler najjar
physiologic jaundice
2-3 days seen
<5mg/dl rise per day
<12 terms (or 10-14mg/dl in preterms)
decreases to <2mg/dl on day 5-7
direct bili <2mg/dL always
syndrome with inactivity of bilirubin glucoronyl transferase
gilbert syndrome
phototherapy contraindicated in
porphyria
physiologic anemia
TERM 8-12wks (11g/dL) PRETERM 6wks (7-10g/dL)
test to determine fetal cells in maternal blood
kleihauer betke test
delayed clamping causes
increase 20-40ml blood
30-35mg of iron
rh (-) mom should have igG of D antigen measured at
12-16wks
28-32wks
36wks
diarrhea rash hepatitis eosinophilia after blood transfusion
graft versus host disease
prevention of rh sensitization
Rhogam within 72 hours of delivery of rh + baby, ectopic, ab trauma in pregnancy, amniocentesis, abortion, chorionic villous sampling
may be given 28-32 weeks and then at birth
neonatal RBC
decreased deformability and filterability
fetal hemoglobin is __ resistant
alkali
APT TEST`
result apt test
yellow brown color -> MATERNAL
pink color -> BABY
normal cord length
55cm
long cord
> 70cm
intrauterine transplacental infection
syphilis cmv rubella toxoplasmosis parvovirus b19 varicella
intrapartum infection
hiv hsv hepa b hepa c tb
common cause of nosoc infection
coagulase neg staph e coli klebsiella enterobacter citrobacter pseudomonas serratioa enterococci satph aures candida
congenital pneumonia
cmv
rubella
treponema pallidum
pneumonia during labor and delivery
gbs gram - enteric listeria mycoplasma chlamydia cmv hsv candida
neonatal meningitis pathogen
gbs e coli listeria strep pneumoniae hib staph kleb enterobacter pseudomonas treponema pallidum TB
most important neonatal actor predisposing to infection is
prematurity
low birth weight
risk factors for nosoc infection
prematurity,
low birthweight,
invasive procedures,
indwelling vascular catheters,
parenteral nutrition with lipid emulsions,
endotracheal tubes,
ventricular shunts,
alterations in the skin and/or mucous membrane barriers,
frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics,
and prolonged hospitalization
most frequent nosoc
coagulase neg staph
sirs
any 2:
- fever or hypothermia
- tachycardia/bradycardia
- tachypnea/bradypnea
- abnormal WBC
ecthyma gangrenosum
pseudomonas
small salmon pink papules
listeria monocytogenes
bleuberry muffin
cmv
rubella
parvovirus
common cause of death neonatal tetanus
aspiration pneumonia
normal csf in infants 1 mo old
protein 84 +- 45 mg/dL
glucose 46 +- 10 mg/dL
leukocyte 11 +- 10
PMNs 2.2 +- 3.8%
initial empiric
ampicillin + aminoglycoside (gentamicin) or cefotax
nosoc NICU empiric
ampicillin +
oxacillin/nafcillin OR vancomycin
empiric gram negative
ampicillin
+ aminoglycoside or 3rd gen ceph
listeria tx
ampicillin
GBS tx
penicillin
enterococci tx
penicillin (or ampicillin or pipericillin)
and aminoglycoside
duration bloodstream infection
7-10 days
or 5-7 days after clinical response
nosocomial pneumonia
methicillin/vancomycin + aminoglycoside/3rdgen ceph
chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia
erythromycin
or
cotrimoxazole
u. urealyticum infection
erythromycin
duration gram neg meningitis
21 days or
14 days after sterilization of CSF
b fragilis infection
metronidazole
Intrauterine growth
restriction
CMV, Plasmodium, rubella,
toxoplasmosis, Treponema
pallidum, Trypanosoma cruzi, VZV
Cataracts
Rubella
Cardiac defects
Rubella
Hydrocephalus
HSV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis
virus, rubella, toxoplasmosis
Intracranial calcification
CMV, HIV, toxoplasmosis, T. cruzi
Limb hypoplasia
VZV
Microcephaly
CMV, HSV, rubella, toxoplasmosis
Microphthalmos
CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis
Carditis
Coxsackieviruses, rubella, T. cruzi
Encephalitis
CMV, enteroviruses, HSV, rubella,
toxoplasmosis, T. cruzi, T. pallidum
Hepatosplenomegaly
CMV, enteroviruses, HIV, HSV,
Plasmodium, rubella, T. cruzi,
T. pallidum
Hydrops
Parvovirus, T. pallidum,
toxoplasmosis
Petechiae, purpura
CMV, enteroviruses, rubella, T. cruzi
Pneumonitis
CMV, enteroviruses, HSV, measles,
rubella, toxoplasmosis, T. pallidum,
VZV
Retinitis
CMV, HSV, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis virus, rubella,
toxoplasmosis, T. pallidum, West
Nile virus
Skin lesions
Enteroviruses, HSV, measles, rubella,
T. pallidum, VZV
Thrombocytopenia
CMV, enteroviruses, HIV, HSV,
rubella, toxoplasmosis, T. pallidum
Deafness
CMV, rubella, toxoplasmosis
Convulsions
CMV, enteroviruses, rubella,
toxoplasmosis
ADE Oxygen
Retinopathy of prematurity,
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
ADE
Chloramphenicol
Gray baby syndrome—shock, bone
marrow suppression
ADE
NaHCO3
Intraventricular hemorrhage
ADE
Amphotericin
Anuric renal failure, hypokalemia,
hypomagnesemia
ADE
Indomethacin
Oliguria, hyponatremia, intestinal
perforation
ADE
Tetracycline
Enamel hypoplasia
ADE
Calcium salts
Subcutaneous necrosis
ADE
Prostaglandins
Seizures, diarrhea, apnea, hyperostosis,
pyloric stenosis
ADE
Dexamethasone
Gastrointestinal bleeding, hypertension,
infection, hyperglycemia,
cardiomyopathy, reduced growth
ADE
Iodine antiseptics
Hypothyroidism, goiter
ADE
Erythromycin
Pyloric stenosis
hie location? Stupor or coma Seizures Hypotonia Oculomotor abnormalities Suck/swallow abnormalities
Selective neuronal
necrosis
hie location?
Proximal limb weakness
Upper extremities affected more
than lower extremities
Parasagittal injury
hie location?
Unilateral findings
Seizures common and typically focal
Focal ischemic
necrosis
hie location?
Bilateral and symmetric weakness in
lower extremities
More common in preterm infants
Periventricular injury