VI: Abdominal Cavity IV- Posterior Abdominal Wall and Radiology

Question 1

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

• remove excess wter, salts and waste from blood –> urine
• return nutrients to blood
• regulate blood pressure and production of RBC

Question 2

describe the path of blood in the kidney in –> out

Answer 2

renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar a. –> arcuate a. –> renal v.

Question 3

how many lobes does a kidney have? minor calyces?

Answer 3

6-18 for both

each lobe has a minor calyx

Question 4

kidneys are derived from what …

Answer 4

mesoderm

Question 5

pararenal fat

Answer 5

fat before the kidney

Question 6

perirenal fat

Answer 6

fat surrounding the kidney in the capsule

Question 7

what is the sympathetic innervation to the kidney

Answer 7

T10-L1

Question 8

what is the parasympathetic innervation to the kindey

Answer 8

Vagus and S2,3,4

Question 9

what is the function of adrenal/suprarenal glands?

Answer 9

• produce corticosteroids and androgens (cortex)

- produce norepi and epi (medulla)

Question 10

what is responsible for fight or flight ?

Answer 10

norepi and epi from medulla of suprarenal glands

Question 11

what 3 a. supply the adrenal glands?

Answer 11

superior suprarenal a.
middle suprarenal a.
inferior suprarenal a.

Question 12

where is the sup. suprarenal a from?

Answer 12

inferior phrenic a.

Question 13

where is the middle suprarenal a. from?

Answer 13

aorta

Question 14

where is the inferior suprarenal a. from?

Answer 14

renal a.

Question 15

what is the innervation to the medulla?

Answer 15

presynaptic sympatheics penetrate directly to medulla and synapse on chromaffin cells

Question 16

what are chromaffin cells homologous to?

Answer 16

sympathetic ganglion cells

Question 17

what innervates the cortex of adrenal gland?

Answer 17

autonomic fibers associated with blood cells controlling vasodilation and vasoconstriction

Question 18

lateral arcuate ligament

Answer 18

between diaphragm and quadratus lumborum

Question 19

medial arcuate ligament

Answer 19

between diaphragm and psoas major

Question 20

median arcuate ligament

Answer 20

above aorta hiatus

Question 21

what is the major muscle used in inspiration

Answer 21

diaphragm

Question 22

what innervates the diapghram

Answer 22

C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive

also intercostals at the periphery

Question 23

what is the blood supply to the diaphragm?

Answer 23

superior surface: superior phrenic a

inferior surface: inf. phrenic a.

Question 24

where is the superior phrenic a. from?

Answer 24

thoracic aorta

Question 25

where is the inferior phrenic a. from?

Answer 25

abdominal aorta

Question 26

what a hiccups?

Answer 26

diaphragm spazzing (related to suckling?)

Question 27

what are the muscles around the esophageal hiatus

Answer 27

right and left crus

Question 28

origin- psoas major and minor

Answer 28

transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and side of vertebral bodies T12-S1

Question 29

insertion- psoas major and minor

Answer 29

lesser trochanter of femur

Question 30

innervation- psoas major and minor

Answer 30

lumbar plexus via anterior branches of nerve L2-4

Question 31

action- psoas major and minor

Answer 31

flex thigh flex vertebral column laterally to balance trunk flex trunk

Question 32

origin- iliacus

Answer 32

superior two thirds of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments

Question 33

insertion- iliacus

Answer 33

lesser trochanter of femur and shaft inferior to it

Question 34

innervation- iliacus

Answer 34

femoral nerve (L2-4)

Question 35

action- iliacus

Answer 35

flex thigh and stabilize hip joint

Question 36

iliopsoas

Answer 36

iliacus and psoas major work together

Question 37

origin- quadratus lumborum

Answer 37

medial half of inferior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes

Question 38

insertion- quadratus luborum

Answer 38

iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest

Question 39

innervation- quadratus lumborum

Answer 39

anterior branches of T12 and L1-4 nerves

Question 40

action- quadratus lumborum

Answer 40

extends and laterally flexes vertebral column | fixes 12th rib during inspiration

Question 41

arises from ventral rami of T12

Answer 41

subcostal n.

Question 42

subcostal nerve innervates

Answer 42

external oblique muscle and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 43

arises from L1-5

Answer 43

lumbar spinal nerves

Question 44

lumbar spinal nerves innervate

Answer 44

posterior rami- deep back muscles and skin of back | anterior rami- skin and muscles of the most inferior trunk and lower limb

Question 45

lumbar plexus gives rise to what nerves (8)

Answer 45

``` ilioinguinal iliohypogastric genitofemoral lateral femoral cutaneous n. femoral n. obturator n. accessory obturator n. lumbosacral trunk ```

Question 46

what nerves contribute to the lumbar plexus?

Answer 46

L1-4

Question 47

iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

Answer 47

L1 | - abdominal muscles and skin of inguinal and pubic regions

Question 48

genitofemoral n.

Answer 48

L1-2 divides into genital and femoral branches - skin below the inguinal ligament

Question 49

lateral femoral cutaneous n.

Answer 49

L2-3 | anterolateral skin of thigh

Question 50

femoral n.

Answer 50

L2-4 | - iliacus, hip flexors and knee extensors

Question 51

where is the genitofemoral n. always located?

Answer 51

on the psoas muscle

Question 52

where is the femoral n. located?

Answer 52

behind the psoas muscle

Question 53

obturator n.

Answer 53

L2-4 | - medial thigh and adductors

Question 54

accessory obturator n.

Answer 54

L3-4 - pectineus and hip joint * usually not present

Question 55

lumbosacral trunk

Answer 55

L4-5 | - joins sacral plexus

Question 56

subcostal a. come? go?

Answer 56

come: thoracic aorta inferior to 12th rib go: posterior body wall inferior to 12th rib

Question 57

inferior phrenic a. come? go?

Answer 57

come: abdominal aorta go: inferior surface of diapragm and suprarenal glands

Question 58

suprarenal a. come? go?

Answer 58

come: abdominal a. go: suprarenal glands

Question 59

renal a. come? go?

Answer 59

come: abdominal a. go: kidneys

Question 60

gonadal a. come? go?

Answer 60

come: abdominal a. go: testes or ovaries

Question 61

lumbar a. come? go?

Answer 61

come: abdominal a. go: posterior abdominal wall

Question 62

median sacral a. come? go?

Answer 62

come: abdominal a. go: *unpaired, goes to sacrum and coccyx

Question 63

at what level does the abdominala aorta split

Answer 63

at L4 into the r. and l. common iliac a.

Question 64

what do the common iliac a. divide into?

Answer 64

internal (to pelvis) iliac and external (follow psoas) iliac

Question 65

where would an aortic aneurysm most likely occur

Answer 65

just before split into common iliac a.

Question 66

what is the largest vein in body

Answer 66

IVC

Question 67

where does the r. gonadal v. drain? l. gonadal v?

Answer 67

r: IVC l: left renal vein

Question 68

what connects the superior and inferior vena cava?

Answer 68

ascending lumbar and azygous v.

Question 69

what can the blood use to bypass the IVC and return to heart?

Answer 69

- superior and inferior epigastric v. - thoracoepigastric v. - epidural venous plexus (lumbar v. and azygous)

Question 70

what is the covergence of main lymphatic ducts of abdomen

Answer 70

thoracic duct (duck between two gooses)

Question 71

what is the origin of the thoracic duct

Answer 71

L1 and L2 between the r. and l. crus

Question 72

where does the throacic duct end?

Answer 72

junction of l. subclavian and internal jugular v.