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Special Diagnostic Procedures > VetLab (Urinalysis/Parasitology) > Flashcards

VetLab (Urinalysis/Parasitology) Flashcards

1
Q

In urinalysis, what are the methods of sample collection?

A

Free catch
Bladder expression
Catheterization
Cystocentesis

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2
Q

Which among the sample collection of urine is the easiest to collect and considered as the routine sample collection?

A

Free catch

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3
Q

This method of urine sample collection is done for small animals that requires palpation of bladder?

A

Bladder expression

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4
Q

In bladder expression, what is the position of the animal?

A

Lateral recumbancy

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5
Q

What is the disadvantage of bladder expression?

A

Possibility of insufficient urine sample

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6
Q

What are the materials needed for catheterization?

A

Sterile catheter, sterile polythropeline, lubricant, gloves

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7
Q

This is used in female animals in catheterization for easier visualization of urethral opening?

A

Speculum

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8
Q

What is the advantage of catheterization?

A

Can still collect urine sample even if the volume is low

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9
Q

What is the counterpart of cystocentesis in humans?

A

Suprapubic aspiration

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10
Q

Cystocentesis is used for animals who are ___________

A

quiet or easily restrained

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11
Q

What is the position of the animal in cystocentesis?

A

Dorsal recumbency

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12
Q

Which method of urine sample collection also requires palpation of bladder aside from bladder expression?

A

Cystocentesis

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13
Q

This is used in cystocentesis to visualize bladder and know where to puncture the needle?

A

ultrasound

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14
Q

What is the antiseptic used for cleansing the site in cystocentesis?

A

70% alcohol

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15
Q

What is the gauge and bore size of the needle for cystocentesis?

A

22-25G w/ 1 to 1 1/2 bore

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16
Q

In female dogs/cats, the needle is inserted in _________________ while in male dogs/cats is in ________________

A

midline-caudal abdomen

caudal to umbilical

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17
Q

Which type of collection is suitable for bacterial culture?

A

Cystocentesis and catheterization only

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18
Q

What are the other disadvantages of bladder expression?

A

trauma/rupture

unsuitable for culture

not recommended for animals w/ suspected obstruction or fragile bladders

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19
Q

Possible tissue or organ damage and difficult to perform in female animals are a disadvantage of ________________

A

catheterization

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20
Q

What is a good container for urine sample in dogs?

A

leak proof, w/ tight lid, opaque and clean

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21
Q

What is a good container for urine sample in cats?

A

non-absorbent litter

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22
Q

Examples of container collection?

A

Aquarium gravel, styrofoam chip

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23
Q

Fresh urine sample must be examined within ______________

A

20mins after collection

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24
Q

Which preservative can preserve urine for 6hrs, but specific gravity may be compromised and may cause formation of crystals?

A

Refrigeration

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25
Q

100mL of urine requires _________ of toluene

A

2mL

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26
Q

Toluene cannot _______________

A

prevent growth of bacteria

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27
Q

1 drop of formalin is adequate for _____________ of urine

A

up to 30mL

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28
Q

Formalin (40%) is used as a preservative for __________ and it prevents ____________, preserve ____________. BUt this may interfere ____________ that uses _____________

A

sediment analysis

bacterial/microbial growth

cellular integrity

chemical analysis

enzymatic reaction

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29
Q

_____________ can inhibit ________ and is appropriate preservative for ______________. But not used when you want to check pH and for chemical analysis

A

Boric acid (0.8%)

bacterial growth

sediment analysis

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30
Q

Commercial preservation tablets can control pH up to ____________ and is used as preservative for urine ____________

A

5 days

sediment (crystals, etc)

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31
Q

Refrigeration precipitates ______________

A

amorphous

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32
Q

Which preservative is not suitable for sediment and hormonal analysis?

A

Freezing

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33
Q

This preservative floats in the surface of specimen

A

Toluene

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34
Q

Unpreserved urine can result to _______________

A

difference in turbidity, INC bacteria, formation of crystals, and INC ammonia

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35
Q

What is the normal daily urine output rate?

A

1mL/kg/h

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36
Q

Deep yellow urine may indicate _______________

A

bilirubinuria

37
Q

Orange-red urine may indicate _______________

A

hemoglobinuria or hematuria

38
Q

Red-brown urine may indicate _______________

A

myoglubinuria

39
Q

Milky white urine may indicate _______________

A

pyuria (INC WBC)

40
Q

Ammonia is associated to ___________ where bacteria metabolize urea.

A

Cystitis

41
Q

The degradation of protein may be associated with a ____________ smell of urine

A

putrid or foul

42
Q

Fruity smell of urine may be associated with ______________ where there is INC ketone and DEC carbohydrate

A

diabetes

43
Q

This is the cloudiness or transparency of urine

A

Turbidity

44
Q

INC turbidity may be caused by __________________

A

cellular elements
crystals
bacteria
mucous

45
Q

What animals are normal to have turbid urine because of mucous and calcium carbonate crystals?

A

Horses and rabbits

46
Q

This is the measurement of the density of liquid as compared to the density of water

A

Specific gravity

47
Q

What is the instrument used for determination of specific gravity?

A

Refractometer

48
Q

Why is urine strip not used for specific gravity?

A

Specific gravity of animals go beyond the specific gravity on strip

49
Q

What is used to calibrate refractometer?

A

Distilled water (must be 1.000)

50
Q

If the SG is higher than glomerulofiltrate, it is ___________________

A

hypersthenuria

dogs: >1.030
cats: >1.035

51
Q

If the SG is lower than glomerulofiltrate, it is ___________________

A

hyposthenuria

<1.008

52
Q

If the SG is equal to glomerulofiltrate, it is ___________________

A

isosthenuria

1.008-1.012 (normal up to 1.045)

53
Q

What chemical parameter is fastest to be read?

A

Glucose (30secs)

54
Q

What chemical parameter is last to be read?

A

Leukocytes (2mins or 120secs)

55
Q

This is the simple, rapid means for performing medically significant chemical analysis of urine

A

Reagent strip

56
Q

Clinitest is used for _______________

A

glucose (detection of any sugar or reducing substances)

57
Q

Ictotest Tablet is used to check presence of ______________

A

bilirubin

58
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies produced?

A

Acetone, Acetoacetic acid, beta hydroxybutyric acid

59
Q

Acetest tablet is used to measure ________

A

ketones

60
Q

If intact RBC is found, it is called ____________, if myoglobin is found its __________, if free Hgb ___________

A

Hhematuria

myoglobinuria

hemoglobinuria

61
Q

The pH range of the reagent strip is _________

A

5.0-.8.5

62
Q

When proteinuria occurs, it is due to the detection of _____________

A

albumin

63
Q

Which chemical parameter is sensitive to light?

A

Urobilinogen

64
Q

A pyuria is observed if the sample is _______________

A

milky white sample

65
Q

This is the final step of urine examination

A

Microscopic or sediment examination

66
Q

In parasitology, how much sample is needed?

A

10g of fresh feces

67
Q

Pooled fecal samples describes a _________ obtained from a _________ that are housed together and represents group than indiidual

A

collection of fecal samples

group of animals

68
Q

If there’s bleeding in the sample it may be an indication of _____________

A 
GI malignancy,
liver biliary duct disorder
inflammation
cause of diarrhea
steatorrhea
69
Q

Within _______, sample must be examined and processed. If not possible, this should be _________

A

2hrs

refrigerated

70
Q

Fecal samples should be collected ______________

A

directly on rectum of animal if possible

71
Q

Gray color of stool may indicative of ____________

A

pancreatic insufficiency

72
Q

Which method to prepare microscopic examination of the detection of parasite requires very little amount of feces?

A

DFS/direct fecal smear

73
Q

This method in detection of parasite is useful for viewing live, motile trophozoites

A

DFS/direct fecal smear

74
Q

This method in detection of parasite estimates the number of parasite ova per gram of feces

A

Fecal floatation

75
Q

The solution most commonly used in fecal floatation

A

Sodium nitrate solution

Other solutions:
Sheather’s solution
sugar solution
zinc sulfate

76
Q

In fecal floatation, usually parasites (egg/cyst) _________

A

floats

77
Q

This solution used in fecal floatation is sticky and tends to float fewer eggs but does not distort round worm eggs and is readily available and cheap.

A

Sheather’s solution

78
Q

This solution used in fecal floatation is for concentrating cystic forms of protozoans

A

Zinc sulfate

79
Q

This method in parasite detection is more efficient at recovering parasite ova

A

Centrifugation technique

80
Q

In centrifugation technique, 1g of feces requires ___________ of solution. It is spinned in ___________ for __________

A

10mL

1500rpm

3mins

81
Q

This method in parasite detection is used to recover parasite larvae

A

Baermann technique

82
Q

Using the Baermann technique, ________ of sample must be placed on a ________ and sit for at least ___________ or overnight

A

5g

cheesecloth/gauze

8hrs

83
Q

Which parasite has the transmission of ingestion of eggs, placental, milk, and through the skin?

A

Canine and feline hookworm

84
Q

Which parasite is found on the bronchioles?

A

Feline or canine lungworm

Canine - also in trachea and lungs

85
Q

This parasite is acquired from the ingestion of infected intermediate host such as rabbits, ruminants, sheep

A

Mutton tapeworm of dogs (T. ovis)

86
Q

Treatment for sheep measles is _________

A

niclosamide and praziquantel

87
Q

In cats, the ingestion of rats and mice results to parasite: ___________________

A

feline tapeworm

88
Q

Lung fluke is acquired through ingestion of ________________

A

crayfish

Special Diagnostic Procedures (10 decks)

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