VetLab (Urinalysis/Parasitology) Flashcards
In urinalysis, what are the methods of sample collection?
Free catch
Bladder expression
Catheterization
Cystocentesis
Which among the sample collection of urine is the easiest to collect and considered as the routine sample collection?
Free catch
This method of urine sample collection is done for small animals that requires palpation of bladder?
Bladder expression
In bladder expression, what is the position of the animal?
Lateral recumbancy
What is the disadvantage of bladder expression?
Possibility of insufficient urine sample
What are the materials needed for catheterization?
Sterile catheter, sterile polythropeline, lubricant, gloves
This is used in female animals in catheterization for easier visualization of urethral opening?
Speculum
What is the advantage of catheterization?
Can still collect urine sample even if the volume is low
What is the counterpart of cystocentesis in humans?
Suprapubic aspiration
Cystocentesis is used for animals who are ___________
quiet or easily restrained
What is the position of the animal in cystocentesis?
Dorsal recumbency
Which method of urine sample collection also requires palpation of bladder aside from bladder expression?
Cystocentesis
This is used in cystocentesis to visualize bladder and know where to puncture the needle?
ultrasound
What is the antiseptic used for cleansing the site in cystocentesis?
70% alcohol
What is the gauge and bore size of the needle for cystocentesis?
22-25G w/ 1 to 1 1/2 bore
In female dogs/cats, the needle is inserted in _________________ while in male dogs/cats is in ________________
midline-caudal abdomen
caudal to umbilical
Which type of collection is suitable for bacterial culture?
Cystocentesis and catheterization only
What are the other disadvantages of bladder expression?
trauma/rupture
unsuitable for culture
not recommended for animals w/ suspected obstruction or fragile bladders
Possible tissue or organ damage and difficult to perform in female animals are a disadvantage of ________________
catheterization
What is a good container for urine sample in dogs?
leak proof, w/ tight lid, opaque and clean
What is a good container for urine sample in cats?
non-absorbent litter
Examples of container collection?
Aquarium gravel, styrofoam chip
Fresh urine sample must be examined within ______________
20mins after collection
Which preservative can preserve urine for 6hrs, but specific gravity may be compromised and may cause formation of crystals?
Refrigeration
100mL of urine requires _________ of toluene
2mL
Toluene cannot _______________
prevent growth of bacteria
1 drop of formalin is adequate for _____________ of urine
up to 30mL
Formalin (40%) is used as a preservative for __________ and it prevents ____________, preserve ____________. BUt this may interfere ____________ that uses _____________
sediment analysis
bacterial/microbial growth
cellular integrity
chemical analysis
enzymatic reaction
_____________ can inhibit ________ and is appropriate preservative for ______________. But not used when you want to check pH and for chemical analysis
Boric acid (0.8%)
bacterial growth
sediment analysis
Commercial preservation tablets can control pH up to ____________ and is used as preservative for urine ____________
5 days
sediment (crystals, etc)
Refrigeration precipitates ______________
amorphous
Which preservative is not suitable for sediment and hormonal analysis?
Freezing
This preservative floats in the surface of specimen
Toluene
Unpreserved urine can result to _______________
difference in turbidity, INC bacteria, formation of crystals, and INC ammonia
What is the normal daily urine output rate?
1mL/kg/h
Deep yellow urine may indicate _______________
bilirubinuria
Orange-red urine may indicate _______________
hemoglobinuria or hematuria
Red-brown urine may indicate _______________
myoglubinuria
Milky white urine may indicate _______________
pyuria (INC WBC)
Ammonia is associated to ___________ where bacteria metabolize urea.
Cystitis
The degradation of protein may be associated with a ____________ smell of urine
putrid or foul
Fruity smell of urine may be associated with ______________ where there is INC ketone and DEC carbohydrate
diabetes
This is the cloudiness or transparency of urine
Turbidity
INC turbidity may be caused by __________________
cellular elements
crystals
bacteria
mucous
What animals are normal to have turbid urine because of mucous and calcium carbonate crystals?
Horses and rabbits
This is the measurement of the density of liquid as compared to the density of water
Specific gravity
What is the instrument used for determination of specific gravity?
Refractometer
Why is urine strip not used for specific gravity?
Specific gravity of animals go beyond the specific gravity on strip
What is used to calibrate refractometer?
Distilled water (must be 1.000)
If the SG is higher than glomerulofiltrate, it is ___________________
hypersthenuria
dogs: >1.030
cats: >1.035
If the SG is lower than glomerulofiltrate, it is ___________________
hyposthenuria
<1.008
If the SG is equal to glomerulofiltrate, it is ___________________
isosthenuria
1.008-1.012 (normal up to 1.045)
What chemical parameter is fastest to be read?
Glucose (30secs)
What chemical parameter is last to be read?
Leukocytes (2mins or 120secs)
This is the simple, rapid means for performing medically significant chemical analysis of urine
Reagent strip
Clinitest is used for _______________
glucose (detection of any sugar or reducing substances)
Ictotest Tablet is used to check presence of ______________
bilirubin
What are the 3 ketone bodies produced?
Acetone, Acetoacetic acid, beta hydroxybutyric acid
Acetest tablet is used to measure ________
ketones
If intact RBC is found, it is called ____________, if myoglobin is found its __________, if free Hgb ___________
Hhematuria
myoglobinuria
hemoglobinuria
The pH range of the reagent strip is _________
5.0-.8.5
When proteinuria occurs, it is due to the detection of _____________
albumin
Which chemical parameter is sensitive to light?
Urobilinogen
A pyuria is observed if the sample is _______________
milky white sample
This is the final step of urine examination
Microscopic or sediment examination
In parasitology, how much sample is needed?
10g of fresh feces
Pooled fecal samples describes a _________ obtained from a _________ that are housed together and represents group than indiidual
collection of fecal samples
group of animals
If there’s bleeding in the sample it may be an indication of _____________
GI malignancy, liver biliary duct disorder inflammation cause of diarrhea steatorrhea
Within _______, sample must be examined and processed. If not possible, this should be _________
2hrs
refrigerated
Fecal samples should be collected ______________
directly on rectum of animal if possible
Gray color of stool may indicative of ____________
pancreatic insufficiency
Which method to prepare microscopic examination of the detection of parasite requires very little amount of feces?
DFS/direct fecal smear
This method in detection of parasite is useful for viewing live, motile trophozoites
DFS/direct fecal smear
This method in detection of parasite estimates the number of parasite ova per gram of feces
Fecal floatation
The solution most commonly used in fecal floatation
Sodium nitrate solution
Other solutions:
Sheather’s solution
sugar solution
zinc sulfate
In fecal floatation, usually parasites (egg/cyst) _________
floats
This solution used in fecal floatation is sticky and tends to float fewer eggs but does not distort round worm eggs and is readily available and cheap.
Sheather’s solution
This solution used in fecal floatation is for concentrating cystic forms of protozoans
Zinc sulfate
This method in parasite detection is more efficient at recovering parasite ova
Centrifugation technique
In centrifugation technique, 1g of feces requires ___________ of solution. It is spinned in ___________ for __________
10mL
1500rpm
3mins
This method in parasite detection is used to recover parasite larvae
Baermann technique
Using the Baermann technique, ________ of sample must be placed on a ________ and sit for at least ___________ or overnight
5g
cheesecloth/gauze
8hrs
Which parasite has the transmission of ingestion of eggs, placental, milk, and through the skin?
Canine and feline hookworm
Which parasite is found on the bronchioles?
Feline or canine lungworm
Canine - also in trachea and lungs
This parasite is acquired from the ingestion of infected intermediate host such as rabbits, ruminants, sheep
Mutton tapeworm of dogs (T. ovis)
Treatment for sheep measles is _________
niclosamide and praziquantel
In cats, the ingestion of rats and mice results to parasite: ___________________
feline tapeworm
Lung fluke is acquired through ingestion of ________________
crayfish
