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Special Diagnostic Procedures > Nuclear Medicine > Flashcards

Nuclear Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

This is a specialized area of radiology that uses radioactive materials or radiopharmaceuticals to treat abnormalities very early in progression of disease.

A

Nuclear medicine

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2
Q

This is used to examine a body organ’s function and structure

A

Radionuclide

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Nuclear medicine is used to study and treat disease

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Treatment using nuclear medicine is applied in _____________

A

thyroid diseases

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Nuclear medicine is harmful

A

FALSE

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6
Q

The common complication of radiation exposure is ______________

A

hair loss

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7
Q

What are the differences of radiology and nuclear medicine?

A

RADIOLOGY

  • anatomy or structure
  • radiation source is from OUTSIDE the body

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

  • physiology and function
  • radiation source goes INSIDE the body
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8
Q

These are members of medical imaging diagnostic field. They prepare and administer the radionuclide and perform the imaging procedure.

A

Nuclear medicine/medical technologist

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9
Q

Radiation is described as any process in which __________ travels through a _______________ to be absorbed by ______________

A

energy

vacuum or medium

another body

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10
Q

Radiowaves, microwaves, cellphones are examples of _____________

A

Non-ionizing radiation

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11
Q

UV waves, gamma rays, xrays are examples of ______________

A

ionizing radiation

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Radiation can either be man made or naturally occuring

A

TRUE

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13
Q

What are the differences of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?

A 
IONIZING:
- high frequency
- can be harmful
- naturally occurring or artificial
disrupt DNA strands/ cellular division
- used for medical purposes
- consist of subatomic particles or electromagnetic rays  (alpha, beta, neutrons, gamma rays)

NON-IONIZING:

  • low frequency
  • do not disrupt DNA
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14
Q

Which subatomic particle of ionizing radiation cannot penetrate the skin?

A

Alpha particles

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15
Q

Alpha particles are stopped by _________________.

A

a sheet of paper or outer layer of skin. It is therapeutic

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16
Q

Examples of alpha particles are __________________

A

Am241
Ra226
Th228

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17
Q

What are the features of beta particles?

A
  • can penetrate skin
  • stopped by a layer of clothing or few millimeters of substance
  • resp for therapeutics of nuclear medicine
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18
Q

Examples of beta particles are ___________________

A

H3
C14
Pu239

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of gamma rays?

A
  • highly penetrating
  • used with shield
  • used for diagnostic procedure
  • stopped by several feet of concrete or few inches of lead
  • used for imaging purposes
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20
Q

Examples of gamma rays are _______________

A

Cs137
Co60
Ir192

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21
Q

What are the radiotracers used as a tag?

A

Tc-99m PO4 (Technetium Pertechnetate)

Tc-99m HDP

Iodine 131

Tc-99m Sestamibi

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22
Q

Which radiotracer behaves like iodine and goes directly to thyroid gland?

A

Tc-99m PO4

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23
Q

Which radiotracer is involve in bone formation?

A

Tc-99m HDP

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24
Q

Which radiotracer is exclusively goes to thyroid tissue (therapeutic or diagnostic of thyroid)

A

Iodine 131

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25
Q

Which radiotracer goes to heart and is very mild, safe, used for hyperparathyroidism or observed by overactive parathyroid gland?

A

Tc-99m Sestamibi

26
Q

This detects the radiation inside the Pxs body and is the main nuclear medicine equipment.

A

Gamma camera

27
Q

Collimator is the ______________

A

lens of gamma camera

28
Q

What is an example of gamma camera?

A

Cardiac scan

29
Q

For how long does radionuclide stays in the body?

A

6-8hrs

30
Q

What are the areas that does not absorb radionuclide called?

A

Cold spots

31
Q

This is the most common requested procedure and uses 131I or 99mTc-pertechnetate?

A

Thyroid scan

32
Q

The normal size of thyroid gland is ______________

A

4x2cm with 2 lobes connected by an isthmus

33
Q

Thyroid scan evaluates _________________

A

thyroid function, nodule or mass

34
Q

Hot nodule in thyroid scan indicates ______________, while cold nodule indicates ______________

A

hyperthyroidism, benign or malignant

35
Q

Whole body iodine scan is used for __________________

A

staging thyroid cancer

detect presence of metastasis specific for thyroid cancer

assess response of iodine treatment

36
Q

What is the radiotracer used in whole body iodine scan?

A

Iodine 131 (beta and gamma rays)

37
Q

This uses 99mTc MDP/HDP, where 5% bone turnover can be detected

A

Bone scintigraphy/scan

38
Q

A ___________ minimum mineral loss is required before lesion is visualized on radiographs of _________

A

50%

Bone scintigraphy/scan

39
Q

What are the five organs that frequently metastasize in bone.

A

PBKTL

prostate
breast
kidney
thyroid
lungs
40
Q

Myocardial perfusion imaging is used _________________

A

detect and diagnose coronary artery disease

assess functional significance of known coronary artery disease

predict cardiac event

omit px to have heart attack in the next year

check or provide info of benefit of cardiac bypass or stenting

41
Q

This is specific for ischemia and infarction

A

Myocardial perfusion imaging

42
Q

What are the differences between myocardial ischemia and infarction?

A

ISCHEMIA

  • narrowing blood vessels
  • provided by NM of info of benefit from cardiac bypass or stenting
  • reversible effect after resting

INFARCTION

  • compromised w/ circulation
  • area not viable
  • no longer benefit from cardiac bypass or stenting
  • irreversible effect after resting
43
Q

PET stands for __________

A

Positron emission tomography

44
Q

PET is established if patient is ___________________ and establish possibility of _________ in areas difficult to access (lungs, abdominal areas)

A

responsive to chemotherapy

tumor

45
Q

PET can be used as __________________

A

screening and monitoring tool

46
Q

What can be assessed using PET scan?

A

assess different tissue metabolism and fucntion (hypermetabolic, depend on signal intensity, assess distorted anatomy)

47
Q

Scintimammography uses ___________ to detect cancer cells in __________

A

99mTc-sestamibi

breast and axillae

48
Q

Scintimammography is used in px with _________________

A

abnormal mammograms, dense breasts, and post-operative

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Scintimammography is used to replace mammography

A

FALSE

50
Q

The gold standard in detecting cancer cells in breasts and axillae is __________________

A

fine needle aspiration biopsy

51
Q

What is the other term for Scintimammography?

A

Miraluma Test (use kit DuPont’s Miraluma) and Sestamibi breast imaging

52
Q

This scintigraphy:
v Evaluate perfusion, cortical, and excretory functions
v Used also to evaluate functional transplanted kidney
v examine kidneys and find any abnormalities

A

Renal Scintigraphy

53
Q

HIDA stands for _______________

A

hepatobilliary acid

54
Q

HIDA is used to diagnose ___________________

A

acute and chronic cholecystitis, biliary atresia

provide info on post-surgical bile drainage and biliary leakage

evaluate blood flow to liver, gall bladder contraction

55
Q

HIDA is also known as ____________________________

A

Cholescintigraphy, Hepatobiliary scintigraphy

56
Q

This diagnose problem in liver, gallbladder and bile ducts

A

HIDA Scan

57
Q

What is the radiotracer used in HIDA?

A

Tc99m lidofenin before then now: iminodiacetic acid

58
Q

IF there is lack of visualization of bladder w/n 4hrs this indicates ______________

A

presence of cholestasis, cystic duct obstruction

59
Q

This is used for the detection of pulmonary embolism and check for pulmonary ventilation and perfusion

A

Lung perfusion scan

60
Q

Radionuclide therapy uses ____________ emission to have local destructive effect

A

beta particle

61
Q

Radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid diseases usually taken via ___________ and is absorbed in ___________, then iodine goes to ________, and radioactive idonde starts to emit _________ resulting to ___________ of thyroid gland

A

oral route

GIT

thyroid tissue

beta particles

shrinking or normalize

62
Q

For hyperthyroidism, if the primary cancer from the thyroid gland metastasizes, iodine will ____________ to the part where there are_________________ to stop the spread

A

spread

thyroid gland metastatic lesions

Special Diagnostic Procedures (10 decks)

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