Nuclear Medicine Flashcards
This is a specialized area of radiology that uses radioactive materials or radiopharmaceuticals to treat abnormalities very early in progression of disease.
Nuclear medicine
This is used to examine a body organ’s function and structure
Radionuclide
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nuclear medicine is used to study and treat disease
TRUE
Treatment using nuclear medicine is applied in _____________
thyroid diseases
TRUE OR FALSE:
Nuclear medicine is harmful
FALSE
The common complication of radiation exposure is ______________
hair loss
What are the differences of radiology and nuclear medicine?
RADIOLOGY
- anatomy or structure
- radiation source is from OUTSIDE the body
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
- physiology and function
- radiation source goes INSIDE the body
These are members of medical imaging diagnostic field. They prepare and administer the radionuclide and perform the imaging procedure.
Nuclear medicine/medical technologist
Radiation is described as any process in which __________ travels through a _______________ to be absorbed by ______________
energy
vacuum or medium
another body
Radiowaves, microwaves, cellphones are examples of _____________
Non-ionizing radiation
UV waves, gamma rays, xrays are examples of ______________
ionizing radiation
TRUE OR FALSE:
Radiation can either be man made or naturally occuring
TRUE
What are the differences of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation?
IONIZING: - high frequency - can be harmful - naturally occurring or artificial disrupt DNA strands/ cellular division - used for medical purposes - consist of subatomic particles or electromagnetic rays (alpha, beta, neutrons, gamma rays)
NON-IONIZING:
- low frequency
- do not disrupt DNA
Which subatomic particle of ionizing radiation cannot penetrate the skin?
Alpha particles
Alpha particles are stopped by _________________.
a sheet of paper or outer layer of skin. It is therapeutic
Examples of alpha particles are __________________
Am241
Ra226
Th228
What are the features of beta particles?
- can penetrate skin
- stopped by a layer of clothing or few millimeters of substance
- resp for therapeutics of nuclear medicine
Examples of beta particles are ___________________
H3
C14
Pu239
What are the characteristics of gamma rays?
- highly penetrating
- used with shield
- used for diagnostic procedure
- stopped by several feet of concrete or few inches of lead
- used for imaging purposes
Examples of gamma rays are _______________
Cs137
Co60
Ir192
What are the radiotracers used as a tag?
Tc-99m PO4 (Technetium Pertechnetate)
Tc-99m HDP
Iodine 131
Tc-99m Sestamibi
Which radiotracer behaves like iodine and goes directly to thyroid gland?
Tc-99m PO4
Which radiotracer is involve in bone formation?
Tc-99m HDP
Which radiotracer is exclusively goes to thyroid tissue (therapeutic or diagnostic of thyroid)
Iodine 131
Which radiotracer goes to heart and is very mild, safe, used for hyperparathyroidism or observed by overactive parathyroid gland?
Tc-99m Sestamibi
This detects the radiation inside the Pxs body and is the main nuclear medicine equipment.
Gamma camera
Collimator is the ______________
lens of gamma camera
What is an example of gamma camera?
Cardiac scan
For how long does radionuclide stays in the body?
6-8hrs
What are the areas that does not absorb radionuclide called?
Cold spots
This is the most common requested procedure and uses 131I or 99mTc-pertechnetate?
Thyroid scan
The normal size of thyroid gland is ______________
4x2cm with 2 lobes connected by an isthmus
Thyroid scan evaluates _________________
thyroid function, nodule or mass
Hot nodule in thyroid scan indicates ______________, while cold nodule indicates ______________
hyperthyroidism, benign or malignant
Whole body iodine scan is used for __________________
staging thyroid cancer
detect presence of metastasis specific for thyroid cancer
assess response of iodine treatment
What is the radiotracer used in whole body iodine scan?
Iodine 131 (beta and gamma rays)
This uses 99mTc MDP/HDP, where 5% bone turnover can be detected
Bone scintigraphy/scan
A ___________ minimum mineral loss is required before lesion is visualized on radiographs of _________
50%
Bone scintigraphy/scan
What are the five organs that frequently metastasize in bone.
PBKTL
prostate breast kidney thyroid lungs
Myocardial perfusion imaging is used _________________
detect and diagnose coronary artery disease
assess functional significance of known coronary artery disease
predict cardiac event
omit px to have heart attack in the next year
check or provide info of benefit of cardiac bypass or stenting
This is specific for ischemia and infarction
Myocardial perfusion imaging
What are the differences between myocardial ischemia and infarction?
ISCHEMIA
- narrowing blood vessels
- provided by NM of info of benefit from cardiac bypass or stenting
- reversible effect after resting
INFARCTION
- compromised w/ circulation
- area not viable
- no longer benefit from cardiac bypass or stenting
- irreversible effect after resting
PET stands for __________
Positron emission tomography
PET is established if patient is ___________________ and establish possibility of _________ in areas difficult to access (lungs, abdominal areas)
responsive to chemotherapy
tumor
PET can be used as __________________
screening and monitoring tool
What can be assessed using PET scan?
assess different tissue metabolism and fucntion (hypermetabolic, depend on signal intensity, assess distorted anatomy)
Scintimammography uses ___________ to detect cancer cells in __________
99mTc-sestamibi
breast and axillae
Scintimammography is used in px with _________________
abnormal mammograms, dense breasts, and post-operative
TRUE OR FALSE:
Scintimammography is used to replace mammography
FALSE
The gold standard in detecting cancer cells in breasts and axillae is __________________
fine needle aspiration biopsy
What is the other term for Scintimammography?
Miraluma Test (use kit DuPont’s Miraluma) and Sestamibi breast imaging
This scintigraphy:
v Evaluate perfusion, cortical, and excretory functions
v Used also to evaluate functional transplanted kidney
v examine kidneys and find any abnormalities
Renal Scintigraphy
HIDA stands for _______________
hepatobilliary acid
HIDA is used to diagnose ___________________
acute and chronic cholecystitis, biliary atresia
provide info on post-surgical bile drainage and biliary leakage
evaluate blood flow to liver, gall bladder contraction
HIDA is also known as ____________________________
Cholescintigraphy, Hepatobiliary scintigraphy
This diagnose problem in liver, gallbladder and bile ducts
HIDA Scan
What is the radiotracer used in HIDA?
Tc99m lidofenin before then now: iminodiacetic acid
IF there is lack of visualization of bladder w/n 4hrs this indicates ______________
presence of cholestasis, cystic duct obstruction
This is used for the detection of pulmonary embolism and check for pulmonary ventilation and perfusion
Lung perfusion scan
Radionuclide therapy uses ____________ emission to have local destructive effect
beta particle
Radioactive iodine treatment for thyroid diseases usually taken via ___________ and is absorbed in ___________, then iodine goes to ________, and radioactive idonde starts to emit _________ resulting to ___________ of thyroid gland
oral route
GIT
thyroid tissue
beta particles
shrinking or normalize
For hyperthyroidism, if the primary cancer from the thyroid gland metastasizes, iodine will ____________ to the part where there are_________________ to stop the spread
spread
thyroid gland metastatic lesions
