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Special Diagnostic Procedures > ECG (interpreting of results to end) > Flashcards

ECG (interpreting of results to end) Flashcards

1
Q

A tracing in ECG consists of _________________________________

A

repeated waves that have a standard shape

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2
Q

What are the waves found in tracing in ECG?

A

P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave.

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3
Q

What is the interval called between the P wave and QRS complex?

A

PR interval

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4
Q

What is the interval called between the T wave and QRS complex?

A

QT interval

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5
Q

What is the standard shape in tracing found in ECG?

A

Squiggly line

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Tracing can be used to determine which part of the heart is abnormal

A

TRUE

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Based on different condition that associates with height, width/segment, length, intervals of waves through ECG determine if there is abnormalities

A

TRUE

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

specific changes in tracing of ECG does not matter to what specific condition

A

FALSE

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9
Q

If the patient has shortened QT interval this indicates ___________

A

problem with Px’s electrodes (hypercalcemia)

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10
Q

What is being checked in ECG tracing?

A

rhythm, heart rate, axis

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11
Q

What is the space between the lines of ECG paper?

A

Hash marks (3secs)

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12
Q

What is the X axis and Y axis in ECG?

A

X axis is TIME and Y axis IS AMPLITUDE

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13
Q

What is the equivalent of big square in amplitude?

A

5mm or 0.5mV

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14
Q

What is the equivalent of big square in time?

A

200 milliseconds or 0.2secs

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15
Q

What is the equivalent of small square in amplitude?

A

1mm or 0.1mV

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16
Q

What is the equivalent of small square in time?

A

40milliseconds or 0.04secs

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17
Q

What is the standard voltage in ECG?

A

1mV or 10mm or 10 small squares or 2 big squares

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18
Q

What is the paper speed?

A

25mm/sec or 5 big squares or 25 small squares

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19
Q

One minute occupies how many number of squares?

A

300 large squares or 1500 small sqaures

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20
Q

What is the equivalent of one big square to small square?

A

5

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21
Q

How many squares can P wave occupy?

A

2 small squares

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22
Q

How many seconds can P wave occupy?

A

80 milliseconds or 0.08secs

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23
Q

If an ST segment occupies 3.5 small squares, how much time and voltage it can occupy?

A

140 millisecs (3.5x40msec) and 0.35mV (3.5mVx0.1mV)

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24
Q

What is a waveform?

A

Movement away from the baseline in either a positive or negative direction

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25
Q

What is a segment?

A

line between wave forms

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26
Q

What is a interval?

A

waveform and a segment

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27
Q

What is an example of a interval?

A

QT interval

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28
Q

A complex in ECG ____________________

A

Consists of several waveforms

29
Q

Which color coding standard for 12 lead ECG is currently used?

A

AHA Systems or the American Heart Association

30
Q

What is the limb electrode for AHA System?

A

Black lead over red lead (Smoke over fire)

31
Q

What is the leads for IEC System?

A

White lead over green lead (Snow over grass)

32
Q

V2 chest lead represent ____________________

A

septum

33
Q

What are the two color coding standard for 12 lead ECG?

A

American Heart Association and International Electrotechnical Commission

34
Q

In AHA system, what is the color for RIGHT ARM?

A

White

35
Q

In AHA system, what is the color for LEFT ARM?

A

Black

36
Q

In AHA system, what is the color for RIGHT LEG?

A

Green

37
Q

In AHA system, what is the color for LEFT LEG?

A

RED

38
Q

From V1 to V6 what is the color in AHA system?

A

Brown + RYGBOP

39
Q

In IEC system, what is the color for RIGHT?

A

Red

40
Q

In IEC system, what is the color for LEFT?

A

Yellow

41
Q

In IEC system, what is the color for NEUTRAL?

A

Black

42
Q

In IEC system, what is the color for FOOT?

A

Green

43
Q

From C1 to C6 what is the color in IEC system?

A

White + RYGBBP

44
Q

In ECG, how do you determine the axis?

A

Look at leads I and aVF (lead I = left thumb, aVF = right thumb)

45
Q

In interpreting ECG results, if the deflection is positive, what direction does the thumb go?

A

UPWARDS

46
Q

In interpreting ECG results, if the deflection is negative, what direction does the thumb go?

A

DOWNWARDS

47
Q

To determine the axis in ECG interpretation, what is right thumb UP, left thumb DOWN?

A

Right axis deviation

48
Q

To determine the axis in ECG interpretation, what is left thumb UP, right thumb DOWN?

A

Left axis deviation

49
Q

To determine the axis in ECG interpretation, what is two thumbs UP?

A

Normal

50
Q

To determine the axis in ECG interpretation, what is two thumbs DOWN?

A

Extreme right axis deviation or intermediate axis

51
Q

What is the basis for computation of axis?

A

Hexagonal Reference System

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

ALL abnormalities in the heart can be detected in ECG

A

FALSE

53
Q

What are the abnormalities that can be determined in ECG?

A
  • Arrythmia -
  • Bradycardia, Tachycardia
  • Abnormal pacemakers
  • Heart block
  • Myocardial ischemia/injury/infarction
  • Cardiac enlargement
  • Hyperkalemia/Hypokalemia
  • Hypercalcemia
54
Q

Which wave does activation of aorta is observed?

A

P wave

55
Q

QRS complex can indicate the activation of _______________

A

ventricles

56
Q

This is the recovery wave _____________

A

T wave

57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Aneurysms can be detected through echo

A

FALSE

It can be detected through ECG

58
Q

What clinical condition can be observed through looking at the ST depression?

A

Ischemia

59
Q

What are the ST depressions observed in the most important cause of ST segment?

A

Downsloping, upsloping, and horizontal

60
Q

Ventricular hypertrophy or cardiac enlargement demonstrates ________________

A

very tall R waves, very deep S waves, QRS interval of >0.10secs

61
Q

What are the two types of ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Right and left ventricular hypertrophy

62
Q

Describe the waves of left ventricular hypertrophy

A

Tall R waves in V5/V6, deep S waves in V1/V2

63
Q

Describe the waves of right ventricular hypertrophy

A

Tall R waves in V1/V2, deep S waves in V5/V6

64
Q

What is the normal value of QRS interval?

A

0.1secs or 2.5 squares

65
Q

If the QRS interval exceeds the normal value of 0.1 secs, this indicates _____________

A

ventricular hypertrophy

66
Q

What are the three clinical conditions that can be observed through ECG discussed?

A

Ischemia, Ventricular hypertrophy or cardiac enlargement, and ionic imbalance

67
Q

Describe hyperkalemia

A

It has very tall T waves

68
Q

Describe hypokalemia

A

It has prominent U wave (3-5mm)

69
Q

Describe hypocalcemia

A

prolonged ST and QT intervals

Special Diagnostic Procedures (10 decks)

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