Veterinary Terminology: Blood and Lymphatics Flashcards
blood contains
proteins white blood cells antibodies platelets red blood cells plasma glucose and many more required substances
the primary function of blood
to maintain a constant environment for the other living tissues of the body
transports nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from the cells of the body
plasma
clear straw-colored liquid
erythrocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
thrombocytes
platelets
clotting cells
blood cells originate from..
marrow cavity of bones
red blood cells
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
white blood cells
fight infection
hematopoietic stem cells
blood forming cells that red and white blood cells arise from
erythroblast
immature erythrocyte
shape and reason for, of red blood cells
biconcave
to increase surface area so that the absorption and release of gases can take place
hemoglobin
composed of iron and protein
enables the erythrocyte to carry oxygen
oxyhemoglobin
the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin
produces the bright red color of blood
erythropoietin
hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates the production of erythrocytes
hemolysis
macrophages destroy worn-out erythrocytes
bilirubin
yellow/orange pigment that created from heme releasing iron and decomposing during hemolysis
is excreted into the bile by the liver and then excreted in the stool
five different types of mature leukocytes fall in these two types
polymorphonuclear granulocytic leukocytes
mononuclear agranulocytic
polymorphonuclear granulocytic leukocytes
basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil
mononuclear agranulocytic leukocytes
monocyte
lymphocyte
granulocytes (PMNs)
the most numerous leukocytes
basophils
contain dark-staining granules that stain with a basic dye
granules contain heparin and histamine
heparin
anti-clotting substance
histamine
a chemical released in allergic response
eosinophils
contain granules that stain with eosin, a red acidic dye
they increase in allergic responses and engulf substances that trigger the allergies
neutrophils
contain granules that are neutral. they do not stain intensely with either acidic or basic dye
are phagocytes that accumulate at sites of infection, where they ingest and destroy bacteria
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
specific proteins that promote the growth of granulocytes in bone marrow
polymorphonuclear
they have multi-lobed nuclei
mononuclear
containing one large nucleus
lymphocytes
are made in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and circulate both in the bloodstream and in the parallel circulating system, the lymphatic system
play an important role in the immune response that protects the body against infection
they can directly attack foreign matter and in addition make antibodies, which neutralize and can lead to the destruction of foreign antigens
monocytes
are phagocytic cells that also fight disease
move from bloodstream into tissues (as macrophage) and dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris by phagocytosis
platelets
thrombocytes
are formed in red bone marrow from megakaryocytes
the main function is to help blood to clot
megokaryocytes
giant cells with multi-lobed nuclei
breaks off tiny fragments to form platelets
plasma
the liquid part of blood that consists of water, dissolved proteins, sugar, wastes, salts, hormones,and other substances
four major plasma proteins
albumin
globulins
fibrinogen
prothrombin
albumin
maintains the proper proportion (and concentration) of water in the blood
edema
swelling
results when too much fluid from the blood “leaks” out into the tissues
mild form from too much salt, to severe from fire burns
globulins
there are alpha, beta, and gamma
gamma are immunoglobulins
immunoglobulins
are antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens
antigens
foreign substances
examples of immunoglobulins
IgG IgA IgM IgD IgE
electrophoresis
separates immunoglobulins from other plasma proteins
an electrical current passes through a solution of plasma, the different proteins in plasma separate as they migrate at different speeds to the source of the electricity
whole blood
cells and plasma
transfusions of whole blood
are used to replace blood lost after injury, during surgery, or in sever shock.
packed red cells
whole blood with most of the plasma removed
pRBC
blood types
has a specific combination of factors (antigens and antibodies)
inherited
acquired by 6 months of age
hemolysis
breakdown of red blood cells
may occur by transfusing with wrong blood type
blood clotting
coagulation
a complicated process involving many different substances and chemical reactions
final result is the formation of a fibrin clot from the plasma protein fibrinogen
platelets in blood clotting
clump, or aggregate, at the site of injury
fibrin threads
form a clot by trapping red blood cells
serum
clear fluid left by a clot after it tightens
thrombi
clots
do not form in blood vessels unless the vessel is damaged or the flow of blood is impeded
emboli
floating clots
heparin
produced by tissue cells (especially the liver)
anticoagulant
anemia
deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production due to aplasia of bone marrow cells
the cause of most case is unknown (idiopathic)
aplasia
absence of development, formation
pancytopenia
occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes
