1: Physiology: Glycolysis class notes

Question 0

Glycolysis occurs in what?

Answer 0

occurs in all cells and all the time. (every cell in the planet)

Question 1

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 1

glucose is oxidized in the absence of oxygen and subsequently converted into two pyruvate molecules.

Question 2

Glycolysis occurs in what type of cells and what does it generate?

Answer 2

it is the only way that anaerobic cells in animals can generate ATP

Question 3

What is the end product of glycolysis and what happens to it?

Answer 3

pyruvate

and it is fermented to lactate under anaerobic conditions so that glycolysis can continue

Question 4

GI tract microbes in animals such as the cow and horse can ferment pyruvate into what?

Answer 4

into molecules other than lactate
these are small chain fatty acids called Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA): acetate, propionate, and butyrate
this fermentation also generates additional ATP in the microbes

Question 5

Phophofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes what?

Answer 5

catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis

Question 6

In all cells, PFK activity is inhibited by what?

Answer 6

inhibited by increases cytoplasmic [ATP]

Question 7

In the liver, PFK activity is potently stimulated by what and potently inhibited by what?

Answer 7

by insulin and potently inhibited by glucagon.

Question 8

What is oxidation?

Answer 8

taking away a H molecule

Question 9

What is reduction?

Answer 9

picking up a H+ molecule

Question 10

Do reduction and oxidation happen at the same time?

Answer 10

yes

whenever you have a reduction there also always an oxidation and vis versa.

Question 11

In glycolysis you have a net gain of how many ATP?

Answer 11

2

Question 12

Glycolysis is the only cycle you can get energy without the use of what?

Answer 12

oxygen

Question 13

What type of cells only do glycolysis and why?

Answer 13

red blood cells
they need glucose all the time
have no mitochondria
and do not need high amounts of energy

Question 14

What happens to pyruvate in an anaerobic cell?

Answer 14

pyruvate can not be oxidized and cant be used so it is fermented into lactate as a waste product and it is sent to the bloodstream

Question 15

In an aerobic cell, NAD+ will not run out. Why is this?

Answer 15

NADH will get oxidized in the mitochondria to get more ATP, this is known as electron transport
will also get NAD+ when NADH is oxidized in an aerobic cell

Question 16

NAD+ will eventually run in an anaerobic cell so what will happen?

Answer 16

NADH will lose its electrons to pyruvate to get more NAD+ so that glycolysis can keep going to get more energy.
this will turn pyruvate into lactate as a waste product and it is sent into the bloodstream.

Question 17

If there is too much lactate in the bloodstream, it indicates what?

Answer 17

too much anaerobic metabolism than normal.

Question 18

What can lactate levels in the bloodstream be used for?

Answer 18

can be used diagnostically and prognostically.

also can use before a surgery to help show the surgical outcome.