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MD1 Locomotor > Vessels of Lower Limb > Flashcards

Vessels of Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

On which aspect of the limb is the single stem artery?

A

Flexor aspect

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2
Q

Where does the single stem artery bifurcate to supply different compartments?

A

Joint

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3
Q

What is the single stem artery of the lower limb?

A

External iliac artery

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4
Q

What is the relationship between the external iliac artery and the inguinal ligament?

A

External iliac artery passes beneath inguinal ligament

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5
Q

What does the external iliac artery become after passing beneath the inguinal ligament?

A

Femoral artery

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6
Q

What are the two branches of the femoral artery?

A

Profunda femoris

Popliteal artery

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7
Q

What does the profunda femoris supply?

A

Posterior compartment of thigh

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8
Q

What does the femoral artery become after the adductor hiatus?

A

Popliteal artery

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9
Q

Which anastomosis is the popliteal artery a major contributor to?

A

Genicular anastomosis

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10
Q

What does the popliteal artery become at the inferior border of popliteus?

A

Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery

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11
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery supply?

A

Anterior compartment of leg

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12
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery supply?

A

Posterior compartment of leg

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13
Q

What does the anterior tibial artery become when it passes onto the dorsum of the foot?

A

Dorsalis pedis

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14
Q

What does the dorsalis pedis supply?

A

Dorsum of foot

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15
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery become when it passes under the flexor retinaculum?

A

Medial plantar artery

Lateral plantar artery

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16
Q

What branch is given off the posterior tibial artery one inch below its origin?

A

Fibular artery

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17
Q

In what are the femoral artery and vein?

A

Femoral sheath

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18
Q

What are the three divisions of the femoral sheath, and what are each of them for?

A

Lateral compartment for femoral artery
Middle compartment for femoral vein
Media compartment a dead space = femoral canal, for expansion of femoral vein if needed

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19
Q

What is in the femoral canal?

A

Nothing except a couple of lymph nodes

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20
Q

What does the femoral canal communicate with above the inguinal ligament?

A

Peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

What is the superior mouth of the femoral canal called?

A

Femoral ring

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22
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

Abdominal contents escape into femoral canal via femoral ring

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23
Q

Why is a femoral hernia more common in women?

A

Have wider pelvis, with wider femoral ring

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24
Q

What does the femoral artery supply?

A

Anterior compartment of thigh

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25
Q

Is the femoral artery a superficial or deep artery?

A

Superficial

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26
Q

Over which muscle does profunda femoris travel?

A

Adductor magnus

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27
Q

How does profunda femoris supply the posterior compartment of the thigh through adductor magnus?

A

Many holes in adductor magnus through which profunda femoris sends perforating branches

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28
Q

To what does the profunda femoris run parallel?

A

Femur

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29
Q

What can a fracture to the shaft of the femur do to profunda femoris?

A

Tear it

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30
Q

What is the hiatus in adductor magnus (adductor hiatus)?

A

Space caused by jump on insertion before inserting into adductor tubercle

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31
Q

How does the femoral artery reach the posterior aspect of the knee?

A

Goes through adductor hiatus

32
Q

How does the popliteal artery divide the popliteal fossa?

A

Bisects it

33
Q

What neurovascular structures is the popliteal artery related to?

A

Popliteal vein

Tibial nerve

34
Q

What is the order of the neurovascular structures descending vertically through the popliteal fossa, from superficial to deep?

A

Tibial nerve
Popliteal vein
Popliteal artery

35
Q

What is the structure of veins below the knee?

A

Have paired vena comintantes

36
Q

Where does the posterior tibial artery sit within the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Just underneath intermuscular septum between superficial and deep muscles of posterior compartment of leg

37
Q

What are the muscles around the posterior tibial artery?

A

Sits on tibialis posterior

Between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallicus longus

38
Q

What does the fibular artery supply?

A

Lateral compartment of leg

39
Q

When does the anterior tibial artery become dorsalis pedis?

A

Once it passes under extensor retinaculum

40
Q

Which artery and accompanying vena comitantes pass behind the medial malleolus, beneath the flexor retinaculum?

A

Posterior tibial artery

41
Q

What causescompartment syndrome?

A

If get blow to compartment, such that muscle starts to bleed, there’s no give in boundaries of compartment

42
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Injury producing oedema/haemorrhage in one of compartments

43
Q

What is the pathophysiology of compartment syndrome?

A

Injury to compartment > oedema/haemorrhage > compartment pressure goes up > further compromises blood flow to area > ischaemic change > more oedema > further increases in compartment pressure
Creates vicious cycle

44
Q

What are the clinical features of compartment syndrome?

A

Distal to site of injury, limb becomes

  • Painful
  • Pale
  • Pulseless
  • Paraesthetic
  • Paralysed
45
Q

Why does the limb become painful in compartment syndrome?

A

Ischaemia

46
Q

Why does the limb become pale and pulseless in compartment syndrome?

A

Decreased blood flow

47
Q

Why does the limb become paraesthetic and paralysed in compartment syndrome?

A

Nerve damage

48
Q

Which of the neurovascular structures is most sensitive to injury in compartment syndrome?

A

Nerve - can only survive 2-4 hours

49
Q

How long can the muscle survive in compartment syndrome?

A

6-8 hours

50
Q

What do the deep veins of the lower limb accompany?

A

Arteries

51
Q

What does the superficial system of veins in the lower limb drain?

A

Skin

Superficial fascia

52
Q

When do the vena comitantes part of the deep venous system become single veins again?

A

Above knee

53
Q

Which main does the lower limb drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava

54
Q

What connects the deep and superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Communicating veins

55
Q

What do the communicating veins perforate to connect the deep and superficial veins?

A

Dense layer of fascia

56
Q

Why are the communicating veins of the lower limb valved?

A

So blood can only go from superficial to deep veins

57
Q

How is blood pushed back up to the inferior vena cava?

A

Calf muscle pump squeezes deep veins

58
Q

What vein drains the medial side of the deep venous arch?

A

Great saphenous vein

59
Q

What vein drains the lateral side of the deep venous arch?

A

Short saphenous vein

60
Q

What is the course of the great saphenous vein?

A 
Drains medial side of dorsal venous arch
Anterior to medial malleolus
Along medial aspect of leg
Posterior > hands breadth behind patella
Medial aspect of thigh
Penetrates deep fascia at saphenous opening
Joins femoral vein
61
Q

Where is the saphenous opening?

A

In deep fascia 2 inches below inguinal ligament

62
Q

What accompanies the great saphenous vein as far as the first metatarsophalangeal joint?

A

Saphenous nerve

63
Q

What is the course of the short saphenous vein?

A

Comes off lateral part of dorsal venous arch
Goes behind lateral malleolus
Straight up back of leg
Penetrates deep fascia at popliteal fossa
Enters popliteal vein

64
Q

What causes varicose veins to develop?

A

Incompetent valves, especially at termination of

  • Great saphenous vein
  • Short saphenous vein
  • In perforating veins
65
Q

What is the pathophysiology of varicose veins?

A

Calf muscle pump squeezes > incompetent valves > blood pushed into superficial venous system > dilated, tortuous superficial veins > increased capillary pressure > extrusion of blood/blood products into soft tissue

66
Q

What are the clinical features of varicose veins?

A

Broken veins
Brown pigmentation
Venous eczema
Ulceration because of ischaemia

67
Q

What do deep lymphatics follow?

A

Arteries

68
Q

What do superficial lymphatics follow?

A

Veins

69
Q

Where do all the lymphatics following the great saphenous vein go?

A

Inguinal lymph nodes in groin

70
Q

Where do the lymphatics following the short saphenous vein go?

A

Popliteal lymph nodes

71
Q

What do the lymph of the popliteal lymph nodes join?

A

Lymph of inguinal lymph nodes

72
Q

What are the two groups of inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Superficial

Deep

73
Q

What is the arrangement of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Arranged in T
Longitudinal part runs along great saphenous vein
Horizontal part runs parallel to inguinal ligament

74
Q

What else do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain, other than the lower limb?

A

Anterior abdominal wall
External genitalia
Lower half of anal canal

75
Q

Where do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain to?

A

Deep inguinal lymph nodes

76
Q

Where are the deep inguinal lymph nodes?

A

Femoral canal

77
Q

What do the deep inguinal lymph nodes drain?

A

All deep structures of lower limb, including popliteal lymph nodes

MD1 Locomotor (17 decks)

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