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MD1 Locomotor > Histology of Cartilage, Bone and Joints > Flashcards

Histology of Cartilage, Bone and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is cartilage made of?

A

Chondrocytes

Extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What makes cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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3
Q

What do chondrocytes secrete?

A

Extracellular matrix

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4
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

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5
Q

Which type of cartilage is the most common?

A

Hyaline

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6
Q

What is the general structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

Homogenous, amorphous matrix encased in perichondrium

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7
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Thin outer layer of cartilage

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8
Q

What are the properties of hyaline cartilage?

A

Low friction surface
Lubrication of synovial joints
Distributes applied forces

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9
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Spaces within extracellular matrix of cartilage

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10
Q

Where are chondrocytes within cartilage?

A

In lacunae

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11
Q

What does the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage consist of?

A 
Mainly type II collagen
Proteoglycans = large glycosaminoglycans, including
- Chondroitin sulphate
- Keratan sulphate
- Hyaluronate
Chondronectin
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12
Q

What is chondronectin?

A 
Glycoprotein
Binds
- Collagen
- Aggrecans
- Integrins
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13
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage with addition of elastin

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14
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Ears
Ear canals
Epiglottis
Larynx

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15
Q

What are the properties of elastic cartilage?

A

Very flexible

Maintains shape

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16
Q

What does fibrocartilage do?

A

Binds solid joints

Forms meniscus and intervertebral discs

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17
Q

What is fibrocartilage made of?

A

Dense connective tissue (type I)
Isolated islands of cartilage
- Type II collagen in matrix
- Dispersed chondrocytes

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18
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

No

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19
Q

What are the properties of fibrocartilage?

A

Resists compressive and shearing forces

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20
Q

In which bones is there a marrow cavity?

A

Long bones

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21
Q

What does the marrow cavity contain?

A

Bone marrow

Fat

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22
Q

What makes the dense wall of bone?

A

Compact bone

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23
Q

What makes the “spongy” interior of bone?

A

Cancellous/trabecular bone

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24
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Bone surface covered with thin layer of connective tissue

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25
Q

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

A

Outer fibrous layer

Inner more cellular layer

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26
Q

What is in the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?

A

Fibroblasts
Blood vessels
Collagen

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27
Q

What is in the inner more cellular layer of the periosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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28
Q

What type of bone forms the shaft of the long bone?

A

Compact bone

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29
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A

Outermost and innermost (lining marrow cavity) part in concentric layers
Rest formed by osteons/Haversian systems

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30
Q

What is an osteon/Haversian system?

A

Cylindrical modules

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31
Q

What is the organisation of trabecular bone compared to compact bone?

A

Less organised

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32
Q

What is trabecular bone made of?

A

Lamellae but not Haversian systems

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33
Q

What are the spaces in trabecular bone like?

A

Continuous

Full of marrow and blood vessels

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34
Q

What does the medullary cavity contain?

A

Marrow

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35
Q

What types of marrow are there?

A

Red

Yellow

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36
Q

When is red marrow present?

A

Early in life

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37
Q

What is red marrow made of?

A

Mainly haematopoietic cells

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38
Q

When is yellow marrow present?

A

Later in life

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39
Q

What is yellow marrow made of?

A

Mainly fat cells

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40
Q

Does yellow marrow have any haematopoietic cells?

A

Yes, preserves some

Can become active haematopoietic tissue if needed

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41
Q

What do the blood vessels have instead of capillaries?

42
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Covering over bone lining marrow cavity

43
Q

Compare endosteum and periosteum

A

Endosteum thinner
Both have osteoprogenitor cells
Endosteum has fibrous element

44
Q

How do arteries supply bones?

A

At discrete points
Branch in marrow cavity
Supply shaft and ends separately
Periosteum separately supplied

45
Q

How do nerves supply bones?

A

Abundant

Follow blood vessels

46
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Bone shaft

47
Q

What is the epiphysis?

48
Q

What cells do osteoprogenitor cells develop into?

A

Osteoblasts

49
Q

What cells do osteoblasts develop into?

A

Osteocytes

50
Q

What cells do osteocytes develop into?

A

Bone lining cells

51
Q

What is the origin of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

52
Q

What is the origin of osteoclasts?

A

Granulocyte/macrophage cell origin

53
Q

What is the usual state of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Resting/quiescent

54
Q

Why do osteoprogenitor cells give rise to new osteoblasts?

A

Grow/repair bone

55
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

56
Q

What is the shape of osteoprogenitor cells?

57
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

On bone surface of both compact and trabecular bone

58
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Secrete bone matrix

59
Q

What is in the bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts?

A

Type I collagen
Bone matrix proteins
- Ca binding proteins = osteocalcin, osteonectin
- Adhesive proteins = sialoproteins, osteopontin
- Proteoglycans
- Alkaline phosphatase

60
Q

What are markers of osteoblast activity?

A

Osteocalcin

Alkaline phosphatase

61
Q

What shape are osteoblasts?

A 
Active = cuboidal/polygonal
Inactive = flattened
62
Q

What happens to osteoblasts as deposition of matrix occurs?

A

Become surrounded by matrix > become osteocytes

63
Q

What happens to some osteoblasts?

A

Become periosteal/endosteal bone lining cells

64
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

Surrounded by bone

65
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

Sit in lacunae

66
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

A

Via canaliculi (not visible with H&E)

67
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Maintain bone in response to loading

68
Q

What happens if osteocytes are lost?

A

Bone resorption

69
Q

Why can you sometimes see white spaces around osteocytes histologically?

A

Destroy local bone to free calcium

70
Q

What is the shape and size of osteoclasts?

A

Giant multinuclear cells

71
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A 
Destroy bone in
- Growth
- Repair
- Normal turnover = remodelling
Release calcium
72
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Seal themselves to bone around edge

73
Q

How do osteoclasts break down bone?

A

Secrete

  • Protons from H2CO3 breakdown
  • Proteases
74
Q

What is a marker of osteoclast activity?

A

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

75
Q

What nutrient is bone a major reservoir for?

76
Q

What increases blood calcium?

A

Osteoclast/osteocyte activity

77
Q

What decreases blood calcium?

A

Osteoblast activity

78
Q

What controls calcium homeostasis?

A

Hormones from

  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid gland
79
Q

What types of bone are laid down during development?

A

Membranous

Endochondral

80
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Membranous bone forms directly from mesenchyme

81
Q

Which bones undergo intramembranous ossification?

A

Skull
Flat bones of face
Mandible
Clavicles

82
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage model of bone produced

Cartilage replaced by bone

83
Q

Which bones undergo endochondral ossification?

A

Weight bearing bones

Bones of extremities

84
Q

What are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Bone collar forms around diaphysis
  2. Cartilage beneath collar degenerates
  3. Blood vessels invade, bring in bone cell progenitors = 1st centre of ossification
  4. 2nd centre of ossification appears in each epiphysis
  5. Zones of ossification grow together but leave thin zone of cartilage = growth plate
  6. Growth plate lost with age
85
Q

What does the growth plate do?

A

Enables long bones to grow

86
Q

When does the growth plate fuse?

A

21-22 years

87
Q

What are the zones of the growth plate?

A 
Resting
Proliferative
Maturation
Hypertrophic
Ossification
88
Q

What type of bone is new bone, either during development or repair?

A

Woven bone

89
Q

How is woven bone different to compact and trabecular bone?

A

More cellular
More collagen
No Haversian systems

90
Q

What cells remodel woven bone?

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

91
Q

How does remodelling occur via Haversian systems?

A 
Osteoclasts make new cavities in bones
Along stress axis
Blood vessels and endosteum invade
Osteoblasts line new space
Lay down layer of bone
92
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Joints where bones move freely against each other

93
Q

What creates the joint space?

A

Connecting bones outside articular cartilage with synovial membrane

94
Q

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

95
Q

What are the properties of articular cartilage?

A

Slippery
Smooth
Resistant to compression
No perichondrium

96
Q

What is in the synovial space?

A

Synovial fluid

97
Q

What does the synovial fluid do?

A

Lubricates

Provides nutrients

98
Q

What lines the synovial space?

A

Synovial membrane

99
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

Not epithelium

100
Q

What is the structure of the synovial membrane

A 
No
- Basement membrane
- Tight junctions
- Desmosomes
Surface layer = intima
- 2-3 cells thick
- Mix of fibroblast-like and macrophage-like synoviocytes
Sub-intimal layer
- Connective tissue
101
Q

What is synovial fluid made of?

A

Ultrafiltrate from synovial blood vessels

Proteoglycans

102
Q

What is the structure of intervertebral discs?

A 
External ring of fibrocartilage = annulus fibrosis
Nucleus pulposus
- From notochord
- Forms gelatinous centre
- Type II collagen
- Replaced by fibrocartilage by age 20

MD1 Locomotor (17 decks)

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