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MD1 Locomotor > Muscles of the Leg > Flashcards

Muscles of the Leg Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the adductors has the longest origin?

A

Adductor magnus

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2
Q

What is the extent of adductor magnus’ origin?

A

From inferior pubic ramus to ischial ramus

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3
Q

Why is the last part of adductor magnus called the hamstrings part?

A

Has origin very close to hamstrings

Implications for nerve supply

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4
Q

What is the anatomical definition of the leg?

A

Between knee and ankle

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5
Q

Does the leg have a fascia?

A

Yes
Thick
Continuous with tensor fascia lata of thigh

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6
Q

Where is the deep fascia of the leg?

A

Encircles tibia and fibula, and all muscles

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7
Q

Where is the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Behind

  • Interosseus membrane
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Posterior intermuscular septum
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8
Q

Where is the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

In front of

  • Tibia
  • Interosseus membrane
  • Fibula
  • Anterior intermuscular septum
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9
Q

Where is the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Between fibula and exterior of deep fascia

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10
Q

How many planes of muscle does each compartment of the leg have?

A

Anterior and lateral = 1
Posterior = 2
- Superficial
- Deep

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11
Q

What do the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg do?

A

Dorsi-flex foot

Extend toes

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12
Q

What do the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg do?

A

Plantar-flex foot

Flex toes

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13
Q

What do the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg do?

A

Evert foot

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14
Q

How is the deep fascia of the leg tethered to the fibula?

A

Via anterior and posterior intermuscular septum

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15
Q

How is the deep fascia of the leg tethered to the tibia?

A

Adheres directly to subcutaneous surface

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16
Q

Where is the interosseus membrane in the leg?

A

Between tibia and fibula

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17
Q

How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

3

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18
Q

How many muscles are there in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

2

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19
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallicus longus
Extensor digitorum longus

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20
Q

From where do all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg arise?

A

Anterior aspects of shafts of tibia and fibula

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21
Q

What is the neurovascular supply of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular nerve

Anterior tibial vessels

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22
Q

What does tibialis anterior do?

A

Dorsiflexor and inverter of foot

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23
Q

Where does tibialis anterior go?

A

Medial aspect of foot

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24
Q

What is the origin of tibialis anterior?

A

Anterior aspect of shaft of tibia and interosseus membrane

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25
Q

What is the distal attachment of tibialis anterior?

A

Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal

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26
Q

What does extensor hallicus longus do?

A

Dorsiflexor/extensor of great toe

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27
Q

What is the insertion of extensor hallicus longus?

A

Base of distal phalanx of great toe

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28
Q

What action does extensor hallicus longus have over all the joints it passes over?

A

Extends them

  • Ankle
  • Joints of foot
  • Interphalangeal joint of great toe
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29
Q

What does extensor digitorum longus do?

A

Dorsiflexor/extensor of toes 2-5

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30
Q

What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Anterior aspect of shaft of fibula and interosseus membrane

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31
Q

What happens to the tendon of extensor digitorum longus on the lateral toes?

A

Broadens into dorsal expansion - 1 for each toe

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32
Q

What are the insertions of extensor digitorum longus?

A

Central part of each tendon goes into base of 2nd phalanx

Lateral parts of each tendon go into base of distal phalanx

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33
Q

What is fibularis tertius?

A

Small part of extensor digitorum longus
Shares same belly
Has separate tendon that splits off

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34
Q

What is the attachment of fibularis tertius?

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

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35
Q

Does fibularis tertius extend the toes?

A

No

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36
Q

Where is extensor digitorum brevis?

A

On dorsum of foot

Extensions going to each of toes

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37
Q

During flexion of the ankle, what holds the tendons in place and stops them from bowstringing?

A

Extensor retinaculum

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38
Q

Describe the two bands of the extensor retinaculum

A

Superior band = thickening in deep fascia
- Proximal to ankle
Inferior band = Y shaped
- Upper part of Y extends across medial malleolus > blends into deep fascia of sole of foot
- Lower part of Y attaches to lateral aspect of calcaneus

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39
Q

What is the deep fascia of the sole of the foot called?

A

Plantar fascia

40
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the arrangement of structures running underneath the extensor retinaculum and onto the dorsum of the foot, from medial to lateral?

A

Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe

41
Q

What does “Timothy has a nasty, dirty toe” stand for?

A 
Timothy = tibialis anterior
Has = extensor hallicus longus
A = anterior tibial artery and veins
Nasty = deep fibular nerve
Dirty = Extensor digitorum longus
Toe = fibularis tertius
42
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus

Fibularis brevis

43
Q

What do fibularis longus and brevis do?

A

Evert foot

44
Q

What is the origin of fibularis longus and brevis?

A

Lateral fibula

45
Q

Compare the origins and insertions of fibularis longus and brevis

A

Fibularis longus has more proximal origin and distal insertion than fibularis brevis

46
Q

Which fibularis muscle is deep to which?

A

Fibularis brevis deep to fibularis longus

47
Q

What is the relationship between the tendons of fibularis longus and brevis and the lateral malleolus?

A

Both pass behind

Fibularis brevis grooves bone as it passes directly behind

48
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

49
Q

How does fibularis longus get to its insertion?

A

Passes onto sole of foot
Grooves cuboid bone along the way
Goes right over to medial side of foot

50
Q

What is the insertion of fibularis longus?

A

Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

51
Q

With which muscle does fibularis longus share its insertion?

A

Tibialis anterior

52
Q

What is the nerve supply of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

53
Q

What is the retinaculum of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibular retinaculum

54
Q

Where does the fibular retinaculum hold the tendons of the lateral compartment in place?

A

2 parts, as they pass behind lateral malleolus

55
Q

What is the extent of the superior part of the fibular retinaculum?

A

From lateral malleolus

To lateral calcaneus

56
Q

What is the extent of the inferior part of the fibular retinaculum?

A

Continuous with inferior part of extensor retinaculum as it goes onto lateral part of calcaneus

57
Q

What is the arrangement of the tendons of the lateral compartment of the leg as they pass under the inferior part of the fibular retinaculum?

A 
Superior = fibularis brevis
Inferior = fibularis longus
58
Q

What is the neurovascular supply of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Innervated by tibial nerve

Supplied by posterior tibial vessels

59
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemeus
Soleus
Plantaris

60
Q

Describe the bellies of gastrocnemius

A 
2 fleshy bellies
1 from each of condyles of femur
Medial head from medial condyle
Lateral head from lateral condyle
Forms bulk of calf
61
Q

Where do all the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg converge?

A

On thick tendon at back of heel = tendocalcaneus

62
Q

Where does tendocalcaneus go onto?

A

Posterior surface of calcaneus

63
Q

What is tendocalcaneus also known as?

A

Achilles’ tendon

64
Q

Where do the tendons of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg go?

A

Onto sole of foot

65
Q

What do the tendons of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg do on the sole of the foot?

A

Flex toes

66
Q

What is happening to plantaris phylogenetically?

A

Degenerating from species

67
Q

What is the origin of plantaris?

A

Edge to edge with lateral belly of gastrocnemius, just above it

68
Q

What is the course of plantaris?

A

Runs underneath medial head of gastrocnemius

69
Q

What is the insertion of plantaris?

A

Long slender tendon blends with medial aspect of tendocalcaneus

70
Q

In which compartment is popliteus?

A

Posterior compartment of leg

71
Q

What is the shape of popliteus?

A

Thing

Triangular

72
Q

What is popliteus’ relationship to the popliteal fossa?

A

Forms inferior part of floor

73
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond shaped region at back of knee

74
Q

What forms the bony part above the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal surface of femur

75
Q

What’s in the middle of the popliteal fossa?

A

Ligamentous/capsular part directly behind knee joint

76
Q

What is the proximal attachment of popliteus?

A

Lateral aspect of lateral femoral condyle and lateral meniscus

77
Q

What is the distal attachment of popliteus?

A

Tibia above soleal line

78
Q

What is popliteus’ signficance as a flexor?

A

Insignificant

79
Q

What does popliteus do?

A

Important role in unlocking knee

80
Q

What is between the two attachments of the origin of soleus?

A

Fibrous arch

81
Q

Where does the neurovascular bundle for the posterior compartment go once it comes through the popliteal fossa?

A

Goes under fibrous arch of soleus

82
Q

Describe the origin of soleus

A

Horseshoe shaped, spanning tibia and fibula

Linear origin edge to edge with inferior margin of popliteus

83
Q

What vascular structure is deep to soleus?

A

Complex venous plexus

Muscular action of soleus pushes blood back up to heart = calf muscle pump

84
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
Flexor hallicus longus

85
Q

Which muscle is in the centre of the deep part of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis posterior

86
Q

Which muscle is medial in the deep part of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Flexor digitorum longus

87
Q

Which muscle is lateral in the deep part of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Flexor hallicus longus

88
Q

What does tibialis posterior do?

A

Plantar-flexor

89
Q

What happens when tibialis anterior and posterior contract together?

A

Invert foot

90
Q

Where do the deep posterior compartment muscles of the leg go as they reach the foot?

A

Pass behind medial malleolus

Onto sole of foot

91
Q

What stops the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg from bowstringing at the ankle?

A

Flexor retinaculum

92
Q

What is the extent of the flexor retinaculum?

A

From medial malleolus down to side of calcaneus

93
Q

Where does flexor hallicus longus go after passing under the flexor retinaculum?

A

Heads towards great toes

Crosses under flexor digitorum longus

94
Q

What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?

A

Medial cuneiform and base of 5th metatarsal

95
Q

Where does flexor digitorum longus go after passing under the flexor retinaculum?

A

Heads onto toes 2-5

Crosses over flexor hallicus longus

96
Q

What is the mnemonic to remember the order of structures passing under the flexor retinaculum?

A

Tom, Dick, and very naughty Harry

97
Q

What does “Tom, Dick, and very naughty Harry” stand for?

A 
Tom = tibialis posterior
Dick = flexor digitorum longus
And = Posterior tibial artery
Very = posterior tibial veins
Naughty = tibial nerve
Harry = flexor hallicus longus

MD1 Locomotor (17 decks)

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