Muscles of Hip and Thigh Flashcards
1
Q
What are the regions of the lower limb?
A
Gluteal
Thigh
Leg
Foot
2
Q
What is the basis of the regional divisions of the lower limb?
A
Major joints
Bones
Superficial landmarks
3
Q
How does the medial rotation of the lower limb during development change its arrangement compared to the upper limb?
A
Extensors anterior
Great toe medial
4
Q
What does the position of the extensors in the lower limb favour?
A
Propulsion
5
Q
Where is the gluteal region?
A
Posterolateral, between iliac crests above and gluteal fold below
6
Q
Where is the thigh?
A
Between inguinal ligament and knee joint anteriorly
Between gluteal fold and knee joint posteriorly
7
Q
Where is the leg?
A
Between knee and ankle
8
Q
Where is the foot?
A
Distal to ankle
9
Q
What makes up the hip bone, and where are they?
A
Ilium superiorly
Pubis anteriorly
Ischium posteroinferiorly
10
Q
Where do the three bones of the hip fuse by adulthood?
A
Acetabulum
11
Q
What is the upper border of the ilium?
A
Iliac crest
12
Q
What is the extent of the iliac crest?
A
From anterior superior iliac spine to posterior superior iliac spine
13
Q
Are there any inferior iliac spines?
A
Yes: anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines
14
Q
What is the posterior/outer surface of the ilium called?
A
Gluteal surface
15
Q
Where do the gluteal muscles attach to the hip bone?
A
On gluteal surface of ilium
16
Q
What demarcates the attachment of the different gluteal muscles on the gluteal surface of the ilium?
A
Gluteal lines
17
Q
Describe the inner surface of the ilium
A
Smooth
Has iliac fossa
18
Q
What muscle does the inner surface of the ilium give rise to?
A
Iliacus
19
Q
What does the ischial spine on the ischium demarcate?
A
Big notch above = greater sciatic notch
Smaller notch below = lesser sciatic notch
20
Q
What is the shape of the ischial tuberosity?
A
Wedge
21
Q
What does the ischial tuberosity do?
A
Bears weight during sitting
22
Q
What extends from the ischial tuberosity?
A
Ischial ramus
23
Q
Which ramus meets the ischial ramus?
A
Ramus from pubic bone
24
Q
Where do the two pubic bones meet?
A
Pubic symphysis
25
Where is the body of pubis in relation to the pubic symphysis?
On either side
26
Where is the pubic crest in relation to the pubic symphysis?
Above
27
Where is the pubic tubercle in relation to the pubic symphysis?
Lateral extension
28
What are the two pubic rami?
Superior
| Inferior
29
Where is the pair of pubic rami?
Project above and below obturator foramen
30
What is the obturator foramen?
Hole in hip bone
31
What is the long linear ridge on the posterior surface of the femur?
Linear aspera
32
What does the linear aspera split into distally?
Medial and lateral supracondylar lines
33
Where do the medial and lateral supracondylar lines end?
Femoral condyles
34
What is between the greater and lesser trochanters anteriorly?
Intertrochanteric line - rough
35
What does the intertrochanteric line become posteriorly?
Intertrochanteric crest
36
What do the intertrochanteric line and crest demarcate?
Neck and shaft of femur
37
What movements do the muscles of the gluteal region do?
- Extend
- Rotate
- Abduct
Thigh at hip joint (if pelvis fixed)
38
What do the muscles of the gluteal region during the swing phase of locomotion?
Minimise pelvic tilt
39
Where do the major flexors of the hip arise from?
Posterior abdominal wall
40
What are the flexors of the hip?
Psoas major
| Iliacus
41
What separates muscles in the thigh and leg into compartments?
Bone
Fascia
Interosseus membrane
42
What divides the thigh into its compartments, and how many are there?
Septa divide into 3 compartments
43
What does the medial compartment of the thigh do?
Adductor compartment
| Muscles acting mostly on hip
44
What does the anterior compartment of the thigh do?
Extensor compartment
Muscles cross both hip and knee
- Extend hip
- Flex knee
45
What does the posterior compartment of the thigh do?
Flexor compartment
| Muscles act on hip and knee - because span both joints
46
What is the deep fascia of the thigh?
Tensor fascia lata
47
What is the extent of the tensor fascia lata?
From pelvic girdle above
Becomes continuous beyond knee with leg's fascia
Goes all the way around thigh
48
What is the density and strength of tensor fascia lata?
Very dense and strong
49
What does the tensor fascia lata do?
Limits bulging of muscles outwards > promotes venous return because muscles compressed when they're working
50
Where is tensor fascia lata thickened and what is it called?
Thickened laterally = iliotibial tract
51
What are the attachments of the iliotibial tract?
Iliac crest above
| Proximal tibia below
52
What does the iliotibial tract do?
Stabilises lateral side of extended leg (during standing)
Maintains extension
Stabilises hip joint
Prevents lateral movement of proximal femur
53
What muscles are like the deltoid of the hip joint?
Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata
54
What part of deltoid is gluteus maximus like?
Posterior fibres
55
What does gluteus maximus do?
Extend and laterally rotate hip joint
56
Why isn't gluteus maximus an adductor of the hip?
Too posterior to axis of joint
57
What part of deltoid is tensor fascia lata like?
Anterior fibres
58
What does tensor fascia lata do?
Flex, abduct, and medially rotate hip joint
59
What is the origin of gluteus maximus?
Gluteal surface of ilium
| From part of ilium adjacent to sacrum and dorsum of sacrum
60
To which of the gluteal lines does gluteus maximus extend to?
Most posterior
61
In which direction do the fibres of gluteus maximus project?
Inferolaterally at 45 degrees
62
What is the insertion of gluteus maximus?
From behind into iliotibial tract
| Gluteal tuberosity on femur
63
When does gluteus maximus function the most?
Between flexed and standing position
- Sitting to standing
- Bending to straightening
- Walking uphill or up stairs
64
What group of muscles is underneath gluteus maximus?
Series of short rotators
65
Where are gluteus medius and minimus in relation to gluteus maximus?
Underneath
66
What is the shape of gluteus medius and minimus?
Fan-shaped
67
What is the extent of gluteus medius and minimus?
From posterolateral part of gluteal surface of ilium
| Into greater trochanter, inserting into anterolateral part
68
Why are gluteus medius and minimus medial rotators of the hip joint?
Pass in front of axis of rotation of hip joint
69
What do gluteus medius and minimus do?
Medially rotate hip
| Abduct hip
70
Which part of deltoid are gluteus medius and minimus like?
Middle fibres
71
Which muscles are edge to edge with gluteus medius and minimus inferiorly (from superior to inferior)?
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
72
What is the shape of piriformis?
Triangular
73
What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Quadraatus femoris
74
What is the order of gluteus muscles, from superficial to deep?
Maximus
Medius
Minimus
75
What is the landmark for the gluteal region?
Piriformis
76
What is the origin of piriformis and obturator internus?
Side wall of pelvis
77
What do the deep muscles of the gluteal region do?
Function as rotator cuff
Stabilise hip joint
Lateral rotators
78
Why are the deep muscles of the gluteal region lateral rotators?
Because behind axis of rotation
79
How do gluteus medius and minimus work in gait?
When one leg off ground, lose support for pelvis > fall towards that side
Opposite gluteus medius and minimus stabilise pelvis during swing phase > pull pelvis towards supported side
80
What is the Trendellenberg gait?
Rocking gait because of denervated/weakened gluteus medius and minimus
81
What descriptively divides the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Sartorius
82
What is sartorius?
Strap muscle
Moves diagonally across anterior compartment of thigh
Divides muscles into those above and below it
83
Which muscle is above sartorius?
Iliopsoas
84
What is iliopsoas?
Converged fibres of iliacus and psoas that insert as conjoined tendon at lesser trochanter
85
What does iliopsoas do during walking?
Lift thigh at hip
86
What does iliopsoas do if you fix the thigh?
Flex trunk
87
What is ilipsoas' role in posture?
Maintains lumbar lordosis in standing
88
Which muscle is medial to ilipsoas?
Pectineus
89
What types of muscles is pectineus a transition muscle between?
Hip flexors and adductors
90
What are the main actions of sartorius?
Mainly synergistic
Flexing, abducting, and laterally rotating hip
Flexing knee
91
How much of the femur does qaudriceps cover?
Almost all of anterior aspect and sides
92
Which muscle makes up the bulk of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Quadriceps
93
What is quadriceps' action on the knee?
Powerful extensor, especially against gravity
94
What are the insertions of quadriceps?
All four parts insert into tibial tuberosity
95
What is the name of the insertion of the quadriceps
Quadriceps tendon above patella
| Patellar ligament below patella
96
Where else do vastus medialis and lateralis insert into independently?
Patella via medial and lateral patellar retinacula
97
What do the medial and lateral patellar retinacula do?
Reinforce knee joint capsule
| Keep patella aligned
98
What does the medial patellar retinaculum oppose?
Lateral pull of rectus femoris on patella
99
What joints does rectus femoris cross?
Hip
| Knee
100
What is the origin of rectus femoris?
One head - anterior inferior iliac spine
| Reflected head - just above acetabulum
101
Which muscles of quadriceps cross the hip?
Rectus femoris
102
What does rectus femoris do?
Flexes hip
| Extends knee
103
What is the origin of the rest of qaudriceps?
Femur
104
Which quadriceps muscles arise from the proximal femur?
Vastus lateralis
| Vastus medialis
105
Which quadriceps muscle is deep?
Vastus intermedius
106
What is the origin of vastus intermedius?
Anterior aspect of shaft of femur, enclosing front
107
Which quadriceps muscle is a significant part of the anterior surface's aponeurosis?
Vastus intermedius
108
What are the four muscles of quadriceps?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
109
What is the origin of vastus lateralis?
Lateral proximal femoral shaft
110
What is the origin of vastus medialis?
Medial proximal femoral shaft
111
What is the action of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductors of hip
112
What are the four muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
113
Which muscle forms the medial border of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Gracilis
114
What is the shape of gracilis?
Long
| Slender
115
What is the order of the "adductor" muscles from superficial to deep in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Longus
Brevis
Magnus
116
Between which muscles are the adductor muscles?
Quadriceps and sartorius of anterior compartment, and gracilis
117
Which of the adductor muscles is the biggest, deepest, most powerful, and most posterior?
Adductor magnus
118
What is the origin of all adductor muscles?
Pubic bone and inferior pubic ramus
119
What is the insertion of all adductor muscles?
Linea aspera of femur
120
What is the size of each insertion of the adductors?
Adductor longus = middle sized
Adductor brevis = little
Adductor magnus = big
121
What is the extent of the insertion of adductor magnus?
Extends through linea aspera all the way down onto medial supracondylar ridge
122
Which joints do the hamstrings cross?
Hip
| Knee
123
What are the actions of the hamstrings?
Flex knee
| Extend hip
124
What is the origin of the hamstrings?
Ischial tuberosity
125
Which muscle is a transition muscle between the adductors and the hamstrings?
Adductor magnus
126
What are the muscles of the hamstrings?
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris
127
Compare the shapes and spatial relationship of semimembranosus and semitendinosus
Semitendinosus has shorter belly and longer tendon
Semitendinosus overlies semimembranosus
Semimembranosus continues to be fleshy more distally than semitendinosus
128
On which side of the posterior compartment of the thigh are semimembranosus and semitendinosus?
Medial
129
What is the insertion of semimembranosus and semitendinosus?
Proximal tibia
130
On which side of the posterior compartment of the thigh is biceps femoris?
Lateral
131
Which head of biceps femoris is superficial?
Long head
132
What is the origin and insertion of biceps femoris?
```
Origin = ischial tuberosity
Insertion = fibula
```
133
Which head of biceps femoris is deep?
Short head
134
Does the short head of biceps femoris cross the hip joint?
No
135
What is the origin of the short head of biceps femoris?
Posterior aspect of shaft of femur
136
What is the insertion of the short head of biceps femoris?
Fibula
137
Which muscles make up the pes anserinus?
Sartorius from anterior compartment
Gracilis from medial compartment
Semitendinosus from posterior compartment
138
Where does pes anserinus insert>
Medial side of proximal tibia
