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MD1 Locomotor > Muscles of Hip and Thigh > Flashcards

Muscles of Hip and Thigh Flashcards

1
Q

What are the regions of the lower limb?

A

Gluteal
Thigh
Leg
Foot

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2
Q

What is the basis of the regional divisions of the lower limb?

A

Major joints
Bones
Superficial landmarks

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3
Q

How does the medial rotation of the lower limb during development change its arrangement compared to the upper limb?

A

Extensors anterior

Great toe medial

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4
Q

What does the position of the extensors in the lower limb favour?

A

Propulsion

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5
Q

Where is the gluteal region?

A

Posterolateral, between iliac crests above and gluteal fold below

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6
Q

Where is the thigh?

A

Between inguinal ligament and knee joint anteriorly

Between gluteal fold and knee joint posteriorly

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7
Q

Where is the leg?

A

Between knee and ankle

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8
Q

Where is the foot?

A

Distal to ankle

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9
Q

What makes up the hip bone, and where are they?

A

Ilium superiorly
Pubis anteriorly
Ischium posteroinferiorly

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10
Q

Where do the three bones of the hip fuse by adulthood?

A

Acetabulum

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11
Q

What is the upper border of the ilium?

A

Iliac crest

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12
Q

What is the extent of the iliac crest?

A

From anterior superior iliac spine to posterior superior iliac spine

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13
Q

Are there any inferior iliac spines?

A

Yes: anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines

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14
Q

What is the posterior/outer surface of the ilium called?

A

Gluteal surface

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15
Q

Where do the gluteal muscles attach to the hip bone?

A

On gluteal surface of ilium

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16
Q

What demarcates the attachment of the different gluteal muscles on the gluteal surface of the ilium?

A

Gluteal lines

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17
Q

Describe the inner surface of the ilium

A

Smooth

Has iliac fossa

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18
Q

What muscle does the inner surface of the ilium give rise to?

A

Iliacus

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19
Q

What does the ischial spine on the ischium demarcate?

A

Big notch above = greater sciatic notch

Smaller notch below = lesser sciatic notch

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20
Q

What is the shape of the ischial tuberosity?

A

Wedge

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21
Q

What does the ischial tuberosity do?

A

Bears weight during sitting

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22
Q

What extends from the ischial tuberosity?

A

Ischial ramus

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23
Q

Which ramus meets the ischial ramus?

A

Ramus from pubic bone

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24
Q

Where do the two pubic bones meet?

A

Pubic symphysis

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25
Q

Where is the body of pubis in relation to the pubic symphysis?

A

On either side

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26
Q

Where is the pubic crest in relation to the pubic symphysis?

A

Above

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27
Q

Where is the pubic tubercle in relation to the pubic symphysis?

A

Lateral extension

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28
Q

What are the two pubic rami?

A

Superior

Inferior

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29
Q

Where is the pair of pubic rami?

A

Project above and below obturator foramen

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30
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

Hole in hip bone

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31
Q

What is the long linear ridge on the posterior surface of the femur?

A

Linear aspera

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32
Q

What does the linear aspera split into distally?

A

Medial and lateral supracondylar lines

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33
Q

Where do the medial and lateral supracondylar lines end?

A

Femoral condyles

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34
Q

What is between the greater and lesser trochanters anteriorly?

A

Intertrochanteric line - rough

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35
Q

What does the intertrochanteric line become posteriorly?

A

Intertrochanteric crest

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36
Q

What do the intertrochanteric line and crest demarcate?

A

Neck and shaft of femur

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37
Q

What movements do the muscles of the gluteal region do?

A
  • Extend
  • Rotate
  • Abduct
    Thigh at hip joint (if pelvis fixed)
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38
Q

What do the muscles of the gluteal region during the swing phase of locomotion?

A

Minimise pelvic tilt

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39
Q

Where do the major flexors of the hip arise from?

A

Posterior abdominal wall

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40
Q

What are the flexors of the hip?

A

Psoas major

Iliacus

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41
Q

What separates muscles in the thigh and leg into compartments?

A

Bone
Fascia
Interosseus membrane

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42
Q

What divides the thigh into its compartments, and how many are there?

A

Septa divide into 3 compartments

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43
Q

What does the medial compartment of the thigh do?

A

Adductor compartment

Muscles acting mostly on hip

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44
Q

What does the anterior compartment of the thigh do?

A

Extensor compartment
Muscles cross both hip and knee
- Extend hip
- Flex knee

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45
Q

What does the posterior compartment of the thigh do?

A

Flexor compartment

Muscles act on hip and knee - because span both joints

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46
Q

What is the deep fascia of the thigh?

A

Tensor fascia lata

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47
Q

What is the extent of the tensor fascia lata?

A

From pelvic girdle above
Becomes continuous beyond knee with leg’s fascia
Goes all the way around thigh

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48
Q

What is the density and strength of tensor fascia lata?

A

Very dense and strong

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49
Q

What does the tensor fascia lata do?

A

Limits bulging of muscles outwards > promotes venous return because muscles compressed when they’re working

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50
Q

Where is tensor fascia lata thickened and what is it called?

A

Thickened laterally = iliotibial tract

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51
Q

What are the attachments of the iliotibial tract?

A

Iliac crest above

Proximal tibia below

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52
Q

What does the iliotibial tract do?

A

Stabilises lateral side of extended leg (during standing)
Maintains extension
Stabilises hip joint
Prevents lateral movement of proximal femur

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53
Q

What muscles are like the deltoid of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata

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54
Q

What part of deltoid is gluteus maximus like?

A

Posterior fibres

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55
Q

What does gluteus maximus do?

A

Extend and laterally rotate hip joint

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56
Q

Why isn’t gluteus maximus an adductor of the hip?

A

Too posterior to axis of joint

57
Q

What part of deltoid is tensor fascia lata like?

A

Anterior fibres

58
Q

What does tensor fascia lata do?

A

Flex, abduct, and medially rotate hip joint

59
Q

What is the origin of gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteal surface of ilium

From part of ilium adjacent to sacrum and dorsum of sacrum

60
Q

To which of the gluteal lines does gluteus maximus extend to?

A

Most posterior

61
Q

In which direction do the fibres of gluteus maximus project?

A

Inferolaterally at 45 degrees

62
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus maximus?

A

From behind into iliotibial tract

Gluteal tuberosity on femur

63
Q

When does gluteus maximus function the most?

A

Between flexed and standing position

  • Sitting to standing
  • Bending to straightening
  • Walking uphill or up stairs
64
Q

What group of muscles is underneath gluteus maximus?

A

Series of short rotators

65
Q

Where are gluteus medius and minimus in relation to gluteus maximus?

A

Underneath

66
Q

What is the shape of gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Fan-shaped

67
Q

What is the extent of gluteus medius and minimus?

A

From posterolateral part of gluteal surface of ilium

Into greater trochanter, inserting into anterolateral part

68
Q

Why are gluteus medius and minimus medial rotators of the hip joint?

A

Pass in front of axis of rotation of hip joint

69
Q

What do gluteus medius and minimus do?

A

Medially rotate hip

Abduct hip

70
Q

Which part of deltoid are gluteus medius and minimus like?

A

Middle fibres

71
Q

Which muscles are edge to edge with gluteus medius and minimus inferiorly (from superior to inferior)?

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Quadratus femoris

72
Q

What is the shape of piriformis?

A

Triangular

73
Q

What are the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Quadraatus femoris

74
Q

What is the order of gluteus muscles, from superficial to deep?

A

Maximus
Medius
Minimus

75
Q

What is the landmark for the gluteal region?

A

Piriformis

76
Q

What is the origin of piriformis and obturator internus?

A

Side wall of pelvis

77
Q

What do the deep muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

Function as rotator cuff
Stabilise hip joint
Lateral rotators

78
Q

Why are the deep muscles of the gluteal region lateral rotators?

A

Because behind axis of rotation

79
Q

How do gluteus medius and minimus work in gait?

A

When one leg off ground, lose support for pelvis > fall towards that side
Opposite gluteus medius and minimus stabilise pelvis during swing phase > pull pelvis towards supported side

80
Q

What is the Trendellenberg gait?

A

Rocking gait because of denervated/weakened gluteus medius and minimus

81
Q

What descriptively divides the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Sartorius

82
Q

What is sartorius?

A

Strap muscle
Moves diagonally across anterior compartment of thigh
Divides muscles into those above and below it

83
Q

Which muscle is above sartorius?

A

Iliopsoas

84
Q

What is iliopsoas?

A

Converged fibres of iliacus and psoas that insert as conjoined tendon at lesser trochanter

85
Q

What does iliopsoas do during walking?

A

Lift thigh at hip

86
Q

What does iliopsoas do if you fix the thigh?

A

Flex trunk

87
Q

What is ilipsoas’ role in posture?

A

Maintains lumbar lordosis in standing

88
Q

Which muscle is medial to ilipsoas?

A

Pectineus

89
Q

What types of muscles is pectineus a transition muscle between?

A

Hip flexors and adductors

90
Q

What are the main actions of sartorius?

A

Mainly synergistic
Flexing, abducting, and laterally rotating hip
Flexing knee

91
Q

How much of the femur does qaudriceps cover?

A

Almost all of anterior aspect and sides

92
Q

Which muscle makes up the bulk of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps

93
Q

What is quadriceps’ action on the knee?

A

Powerful extensor, especially against gravity

94
Q

What are the insertions of quadriceps?

A

All four parts insert into tibial tuberosity

95
Q

What is the name of the insertion of the quadriceps

A

Quadriceps tendon above patella

Patellar ligament below patella

96
Q

Where else do vastus medialis and lateralis insert into independently?

A

Patella via medial and lateral patellar retinacula

97
Q

What do the medial and lateral patellar retinacula do?

A

Reinforce knee joint capsule

Keep patella aligned

98
Q

What does the medial patellar retinaculum oppose?

A

Lateral pull of rectus femoris on patella

99
Q

What joints does rectus femoris cross?

A

Hip

Knee

100
Q

What is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

One head - anterior inferior iliac spine

Reflected head - just above acetabulum

101
Q

Which muscles of quadriceps cross the hip?

A

Rectus femoris

102
Q

What does rectus femoris do?

A

Flexes hip

Extends knee

103
Q

What is the origin of the rest of qaudriceps?

A

Femur

104
Q

Which quadriceps muscles arise from the proximal femur?

A

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

105
Q

Which quadriceps muscle is deep?

A

Vastus intermedius

106
Q

What is the origin of vastus intermedius?

A

Anterior aspect of shaft of femur, enclosing front

107
Q

Which quadriceps muscle is a significant part of the anterior surface’s aponeurosis?

A

Vastus intermedius

108
Q

What are the four muscles of quadriceps?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

109
Q

What is the origin of vastus lateralis?

A

Lateral proximal femoral shaft

110
Q

What is the origin of vastus medialis?

A

Medial proximal femoral shaft

111
Q

What is the action of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Adductors of hip

112
Q

What are the four muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Gracilis
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus

113
Q

Which muscle forms the medial border of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Gracilis

114
Q

What is the shape of gracilis?

A

Long

Slender

115
Q

What is the order of the “adductor” muscles from superficial to deep in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Longus
Brevis
Magnus

116
Q

Between which muscles are the adductor muscles?

A

Quadriceps and sartorius of anterior compartment, and gracilis

117
Q

Which of the adductor muscles is the biggest, deepest, most powerful, and most posterior?

A

Adductor magnus

118
Q

What is the origin of all adductor muscles?

A

Pubic bone and inferior pubic ramus

119
Q

What is the insertion of all adductor muscles?

A

Linea aspera of femur

120
Q

What is the size of each insertion of the adductors?

A

Adductor longus = middle sized
Adductor brevis = little
Adductor magnus = big

121
Q

What is the extent of the insertion of adductor magnus?

A

Extends through linea aspera all the way down onto medial supracondylar ridge

122
Q

Which joints do the hamstrings cross?

A

Hip

Knee

123
Q

What are the actions of the hamstrings?

A

Flex knee

Extend hip

124
Q

What is the origin of the hamstrings?

A

Ischial tuberosity

125
Q

Which muscle is a transition muscle between the adductors and the hamstrings?

A

Adductor magnus

126
Q

What are the muscles of the hamstrings?

A

Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris

127
Q

Compare the shapes and spatial relationship of semimembranosus and semitendinosus

A

Semitendinosus has shorter belly and longer tendon
Semitendinosus overlies semimembranosus
Semimembranosus continues to be fleshy more distally than semitendinosus

128
Q

On which side of the posterior compartment of the thigh are semimembranosus and semitendinosus?

A

Medial

129
Q

What is the insertion of semimembranosus and semitendinosus?

A

Proximal tibia

130
Q

On which side of the posterior compartment of the thigh is biceps femoris?

A

Lateral

131
Q

Which head of biceps femoris is superficial?

A

Long head

132
Q

What is the origin and insertion of biceps femoris?

A 
Origin = ischial tuberosity
Insertion = fibula
133
Q

Which head of biceps femoris is deep?

A

Short head

134
Q

Does the short head of biceps femoris cross the hip joint?

A

No

135
Q

What is the origin of the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Posterior aspect of shaft of femur

136
Q

What is the insertion of the short head of biceps femoris?

A

Fibula

137
Q

Which muscles make up the pes anserinus?

A

Sartorius from anterior compartment
Gracilis from medial compartment
Semitendinosus from posterior compartment

138
Q

Where does pes anserinus insert>

A

Medial side of proximal tibia

MD1 Locomotor (17 decks)

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