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Biochemistry > Vessels and kidney > Flashcards

Vessels and kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Dying of tissue

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the blood vessel?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa
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3
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

Endothelial layer and connective tissue

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4
Q

In which type of blood vessels are all layers present?

A

Arteries and veins

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5
Q

In what kind of blood vessels are only the tunica externa and the edothelium present?

A

Venules

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6
Q

What type of blood vessels only consist of endothelial cells?

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

What type of vessel only consists of the tunica media and endothelium?

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

In what type of vessel does the tunica intima consist of endothelium and an elastic layer?

A

Arteries

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9
Q

What is tunica externa?

A

Connective tissue

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10
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells and connective tissue

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11
Q

Where are elastic arteries located?

A

Close to the heart

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12
Q

What can be seen around the elastic arteries as a consequence of their size?

A

Their own blood supply

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13
Q

Which structures in the capillaries can change the amount of blood flow?

A

Precapillary sphincters

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14
Q

What is basal lamina?

A

Extracellular matrix on which the epithelial layes sits

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15
Q

Which capillaries have the highest selectivity?

A

Continuous capillaries

Small solutes,lipid soluble substances and water

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16
Q

Which capillaries have medium selectivity?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

Rapid water exchange and solutes

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17
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A
  • Endocrine tissue
  • Choroid plexus (Brain)
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18
Q

Which capillaries have the lowest selectivity?

A

Sinusoids

Free exchange of water, solutes and proteins

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19
Q

Where are sinusoids located?

A

Organs with high rates of exchange in material (protein) such as liver and bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of the veins?

A
  • Thinner tunicae
  • Larger lumen
  • Often with valves
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21
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Veins whose valves do not work properly, causing the thickening of the vein due to the fact that blood cannot prevented from flowing back.

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22
Q

What are aneurysms?

A

When the pressure in weaked areas of the artery causes ballooning of that area

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23
Q

How can aneurysms eventually rupture?

A

By creating a vortex in the aneurysm due to disruption of flow

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24
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Build up of plaque in the arteries

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25
Q

What are the three main functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Detoxification
  • Blood volume
  • Production urine
26
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

First filtration of blood

27
Q

What is the function of proximal tubules?

A
  • Reabsorption of water
  • Reabsorption of all solutes
28
Q

Function of nephron loop?

A
  • Reabsorption water
  • Reabsorption Na, Cl
29
Q

Function of distal tubules?

A
  • Reabsorption of water
  • Reabsorption of Na, Cl an Ca
  • Excretion toxic waste
30
Q

Function collecting duct?

A
  • Reabsorption water
  • Secretion hydrogen
  • Secretion bicarbonates
31
Q

How many nephrons are cortical nephrons?

A

85%

32
Q

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullar nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons have a shorter loop of Henle

33
Q

What are juxtamedullar nephrons?

A

Nephrons of which the loop of Henle continues far into the medulla

34
Q

What is the function of a longer loop of Henle in juxtamedullar nephrons?

A

Determination of concentration of urine

35
Q

Describe bloodflow pathway in a nephron

A
  1. Vas afferens
  2. Through glomerulus
  3. Vas efferens
  4. Peritubular capillaries
  5. Drainage through venous system
36
Q

What type of blood vessels are the vas afferens and efferens?

A

Arterioles and venules

37
Q

What three structures does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A
  • Glumerulus
  • Capsualr space
  • Glomerular capsule
38
Q

How much filtrate does the renal corpuscle generate in a day?

A

190 L

39
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Large cells that wrap around the glomerulus forming filtration slits

40
Q

What are pedicels?

A

Feet of the podocyte

41
Q

What molecules can pass the filtration slits of the podocytes?

A

Molecules smaller than the filtration slits

42
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A
  • In between capillaries
  • Control blood flow
  • Phagocytose basal lamina
43
Q

How much blood do the renal corpuscles filter every minute?

A

1.2 L

44
Q

What are the main reasons of kidney disease and failure?

A
  • Diabetes
  • Immune disease
45
Q

How does diabetes affect the glomerulus?

A
  • Glycosylated proteins make the endothelium permeable
  • Triggers increased mesangial matrix deposits
46
Q

What is glomerulonephritis

A
  1. Clogging of the filtration membrane by antibody-antigen complex.
  2. Antibody-antigen complex may pass the fenestrated capillaries but not the filtration slits.
  3. Induction of inflammatory reaction
47
Q

What cells line the proximal tubules?

A

Cuboidal cells

48
Q

What is the most important tubule in the nephron?

A

Proximal tubule

99% of solutes are recovered

49
Q

What is a characteristic of the cuboidal proximal tubule cells?

A

Microvilli

50
Q

The descending limb of the nephron loop is characterized by?

A
  • Permeability to water
  • Impermeable to solutes
  • Thick squamous cells
51
Q

Ascending limb of the nephron loop is characterized by?

A
  • Impermeable to water
  • Highly permeable to Na and Cl
  • Cuboidal cells
52
Q

How much liters does the nephron loop reabsorp per day?

A

45 L

53
Q

How much of the filtrate is reabsorped by the distal tubule each day?

A

9 L

54
Q

Which hormone influences Na reabsorption?

A

Aldosterone

55
Q

Which hormone controls final concentration and volume of the urine?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

56
Q

Nephron tubules from large to small:

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Papillary duct (Columnar)
  3. Collecting duct (Cuboidal to columnar)
  4. Proximal tubule (Microvilli)
  5. Distal tubule (Few microvilli)
  6. Ascending tubule (Cuboidal)
  7. Descending tubule (Very thin, squamous)
57
Q

If blood flow in the kidney is disturbed, which hormones are released?

A
  • Renin –> angiotensin –> Aldosterone/ADH
  • Erythropoeitin (Erythrocyte production)
58
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular complex consist of?

A
  • Macula densa
  • Juxtaglomerular cells
59
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Epithelial cells of the distant tubule with sensory function

60
Q

What are the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Smooth muscle cells with sensory function that release renin and EPO

61
Q

Where in the vessel tunicae are atheroscletoric plaques formed?

A

Subintimal extracellular space (Underneath epithelial cells and above internal elastic lamina)

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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