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Biochemistry > Stress hormones > Flashcards

Stress hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the SON?

A

Supraoptic nucleus

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2
Q

What is the PVN?

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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3
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus synthesize?

A

Oxytocin

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4
Q

What hormones does the paraventricular nucleus synthesize?

A
  • Vasopressin
  • Antidiuretic hormone
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5
Q

What embyological origin does the anterior pituitary have?

A

Endocrine tissue

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6
Q

Do the hormones synthesized by the secretary neurons travel a large or small distance?

A

Small

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7
Q

What are the five hypothalamus-pituitary axes?

A
  • HPA (Adrenals)
  • HPT (Thyroid)
  • HPG (Gonads)
  • GH (Growth)
  • Prolactin
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8
Q

Describe the HPA axis

A
  1. Corticotrophin releasing hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
  3. Tissue: Adrenal cortex
  4. Adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids
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9
Q

Describe the HPT axis

A
  1. Thyrotrophin releasing hormone
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  3. Tissue: Thyroid
  4. Thyroid releases T3/T4
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10
Q

Describe the HPG axis

A
  1. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone
  2. FSH/LH
  3. Tissue: Gonads
  4. Gonads release sex steroids
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11
Q

Describe GH axis

A
  1. Growth hormone releasing hormone
  2. GH
  3. Tissue: Liver, fibroblasts, myoblasts, chondrocytes etc
  4. Tissue releases somatomedins
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12
Q

Which release-inhibiting hormone inhibits growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

Somatostatin

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13
Q

Describe the prolactin axis

A
  1. Prolactin releasing factor
  2. Prolactin
  3. Tissue: Mammary glands
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14
Q

Which hormone inhibits prolactin releasing factor?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

How does GH influence glucose and amino acid levels?

A
  • GH inhibits glucose uptake
  • GH increases amino acid uptake and synthesis of proteins
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16
Q

Which tissues are especially sensitive to GH?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Bone tissue
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17
Q

How do sex hormones effect GH release?

A

They increase GH release and initiate a grow spurt

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18
Q

How does GH regulate fatty acids?

A

Mobilizes fatty acids to be taken up by muscle as energy substrate

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19
Q

What environmental factors influence GH release?

A
  • Exercise
  • Fasting
  • Stress

These factors all increase GH secretion

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20
Q

When during a 24h period is GH released the most?

A

Night

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21
Q

Which factors have a negative feedback on the GH axis?

A
  • Somatomedins
  • Blood metabolites such as glucose
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22
Q

What does someone look like with pituitary dwarfism?

A

Normal body proportions

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23
Q

How does someone look like with achondroplasia?

A

Disproportional body with shorter limbs

Most common, bone problem

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24
Q

What is psychogenic dwarfism?

A

Dwarfism with psychological causes

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25
Q

What is pycnodysostosis?

A

A genetic disorder that causes dwarfism

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26
Q

What is the primary stimulus of HPA axis?

A

Stress

27
Q

HPA axis is most active during what part of the day?

A

Morning

28
Q

Corticotrophic releasing hormone acts synergistically with what hormones to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone?

A

Vasopressin (AVP)

29
Q

What is the primary glucocorticoid released by the adrenal glands?

A

Cortisol

30
Q

Cortisol has what function?

A

To convert long-time energy substrates into short-term energy substrates like glucose

31
Q

Where does negative feedback occur?

By glucocorticoids

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
32
Q

Which two types of steroid hormones are released from the adrenals?

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mineralocorticoids
33
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

34
Q

By which substance is aldosterone stimulated?

A

Angiotensin 2

35
Q

What is the difference in affinity between mineralocoritcoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors?

A
  • MR have high affinity
  • GR have low affinity
36
Q

Where are mineralocorticoid receptors highly expressed?

A

Limbic structures

37
Q

Where are glucocorticoid receptors expressed?

A

Widely throughout the body

38
Q

What do glucocorticoid receptors inhibit?

A
  • Vasopressin gene expression
  • Corticotrophic releasing hormone
39
Q

Where are GR and MR receptors co-expressed?

A

In the hippocampus

To detect cortisol levels

40
Q

When is the HPA axis activated?

A

During prolonged states of stress

So not during specific stress responses

41
Q

What is stress defined as?

A

Conditions that threat homeostasis

Can be short or long term

42
Q

What is primary addison’s disease?

A

Inability to produce cortisol

43
Q

What is secondary addison’s disease

A

Inability to produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone

44
Q

What is cushing’s disease

A

Overproduction of cortisol, often by tumors or sometimes genetic

45
Q

Prominent symptom of cushing’s disease?

A

Increases fat around the neck

46
Q

When is the HPT axis stimulated?

A

Temperature changes

47
Q

When is thyroid releasing hormones high?

A

During the night

48
Q

What does thyroid hormone increase?

A

Oxygen consumption to generate heat

49
Q

Where does negative feedback occur?

A
  • Pituitary
  • Hypothalamus
50
Q

From which amino acid are thyroid hormones produced?

A

Tyrosine

51
Q

Which type of thyroid hormone is secreted the most?

A

T4

90%

52
Q

Where is T4 converted to T3

T3=most potent

A

In the liver and kidneys

53
Q

Which ions are trapped into the thyroid cells?

A

Iodine

54
Q

DEscribe the steps of Thyroid hormone synthesis?

A
  1. Iodine trapping
  2. Thyroglobulin production on the rough ER and golgi complex
  3. Oxidation of iodine
  4. Iodination of tyrosine
  5. Coupling T1/2
  6. Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid in lysosome
  7. T3/4 are transported in the blood via thyroglobulin
55
Q

Describe the steps of gene transcription by thyroid hormone

A
  1. Thyroid and retinoic acid receptor bind to DNA promotor as a dimer
  2. T3 and retinoic acid bind to the receptor only when they are attached to the DNA
  3. Transcription is activated
56
Q

What is the result of DNA synthesis after binding T3

A

Enzyme production that are involved in energy utilization and ATP production

57
Q

What is myxedema?

A
  • Hypothyroidism due to immune disease
  • Or insufficient TSH release (secondary hypothyroidism)
58
Q

Thyroid hormone replacement therapy is called?

A

Levothyroxine

Cannot be used after removal of the thyroid

59
Q

What is Grave’s disease

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
60
Q

What are symptoms of Grave’s disease?

A
  • Swollen thyroid gland
  • Bulging eyes
61
Q

How can Grave’s disease be helped?

A
  • Radioactive iodine therapy
  • Thyroid hormone replacement therapy afterwards
62
Q

When maternal T4 is low during pregnancy (hypothyroxinemia), what happens to the foetus?

A

Neurological cretinism

63
Q

What is neurological cretinism?

A
  • Reduced synapse formation
  • Reduced myelination
  • Reduced axonal transport
  • Mental retardation
64
Q

Where is hypothyroxinemia still prevalent?

A

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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