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Biochemistry > Lung histology > Flashcards

Lung histology Flashcards

1
Q

Which respiratory parts belong to the transporting system?

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
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2
Q

What are the respiratory parts of the lungs?

A
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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3
Q

What are the two functions of the respiratory part of the lungs?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Removal of particles
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4
Q

How is dust removed from the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Dust is trapped in mucus from goblet cells
  2. mucus transported to pharynx and swallowed
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5
Q

How are antigens removed in nasal cavity?

A

IgA produced from lymphocytes remove antigens

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6
Q

How is the air in the transporting system changed to improve gas exchange?

A
  • Heated
  • Humidified
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7
Q

Epithelium type oral cavity?

A

Pseudostratified cuboidal epithelium with cilia

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8
Q

What are olfactory cells?

A
  • Bipolar neurons with cilia with smell receptors
  • Synapse contact with neurons in the olfactory bulb in the brain
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9
Q

Support cells in the olfactory epithelium do what?

A

Provide support and nutrition to olfactory cells

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10
Q

What are basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Stem cells for other cell types

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11
Q

Where are the olfactory (Bowman’s) glans located?

A

Lamina propria (connective tissue in mucosa)

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12
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

Epithelium and lamina propria

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13
Q

What does the submucosa consist of?

A

Connective tissue and glands

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14
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

Anatomical membrane

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15
Q

In the trachea, which tissue type lays between the submucosa and the adventitia?

A

Hyaline cartilage ring

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16
Q

Which layers make up the esophagus?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis externa
  • Adventitia
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17
Q

What is the basal lamina in the mucosa layer?

A

Seperation between epithelial cells and lamina propria

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18
Q

How does cystic fibrosis develop?

A

Mutation in the gene for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This normally regulates salt and water balance on surfaces. Instead, mucus is sticky and thick.

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19
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?

A

pseudostratified columnar with cilia

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20
Q

The alveoli have which type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous

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21
Q

How thin is teh alveolar membrane?

A

<1microM

22
Q

How are pathogens removed from the respiratory tract?

A
  • Cilia
  • Nosehairs
  • Mucus
  • Alveolar macrophages
23
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the laryngo and oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

24
Q

Why do the oro and laryngopharynx have stratified squamous epithelium?

A

It has a thicker layer because food has to pass through

25
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the larynx?

A

Pseudostratified columnar

26
Q

Which epithelium lines the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

27
Q

Which type of cells are present in the lamina propria of the trachea?

A

Goblet cells

28
Q

Which type of glands are present in the submucosa?

A

Serous and mucous glands

29
Q

What does the tracheal adventitia consist of?

A

Elastic connective tissue surrounding C-rings of cartilage

30
Q

Which important structures decrease in number or size the further along the tract towards the alveoli?

A
  • Epithelium from pseudostrat. to cuboidal to squamous
  • Cartilage decreases
  • Number of goblett cells and mucous glands decrease
31
Q

Which type of tissues increas further along the tract?

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Smooth muscle
32
Q

What happens to blood flow and volume further along the tract?

A
  • Volume or the branching increases
  • Blood flow decreases
33
Q

From which point is the respiratory tract called respiratory?

A

When the first alveoli start to appear

34
Q

Which epitelium lines the terminal bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal

35
Q

Which tissues does the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles consist of?

A
  • Fibroelastic connective tissue
  • Smooth muscle cells surround connective tissue
36
Q

What is pneumonia?

A
  • Bacterial inflammation
  • Liquid moves into the alveoli
37
Q

What is bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchioles

38
Q

What is asthma?

A

Allergic inflammation of the terminal bronchioles

39
Q

What regulates the diameter of the alveolar duct?

A

Smooth muscle cells (Sphincter)

40
Q

How many alveoli exist in the body?

A

300 million

41
Q

How much surface does the entirety of the alveoli have?

A

140 m2

42
Q

Which structures/tissues does the interalveolar septum consist of?

A
  • Capillaries
  • Elastic and reticular fibers (Connective tissue)
43
Q

Which type of pneumocyte produces surfactant?

A

Type 2

They also have cilia

44
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Loss of alveoli (lung volume, surface) by inhalation of toxins

45
Q

What does surfactant do?

A
  • Reduces surface tension
  • Prevents collapse of the alveoli during breathing
46
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

When not enough surfactant is produced in premature babies. Alveoli collapse

47
Q

Where does an alveolar macrophage resinate?

A

In the interstitial space of the septum through alveolar pores of Kohn

48
Q

How are alveolar macrophages moved from the alveoli?

A
  • Via cilia
  • Back to the septum via lymph vessels
49
Q

Describe the blood-gas barrier from capillary to alveolar lumen

A
  • Endothelium of the capillary
  • Fused basal lamina
  • Epithelium of the alveolus
  • Surfactant of the epithelium
49
Q

Describe the blood-gas barrier from capillary to alveolar lumen

A
  • Endothelium of the capillary
  • Fused basal lamina
  • Epithelium of the alveolus
  • Surfactant of the epithelium
50
Q

What are the two membranes that cover the lungs?

A
  • Visceral
  • Parietal
51
Q

What happens if the pleural cavity becomes infected?

A
  1. More fluid is produced
  2. Makes it hard to breath
  3. Friction causes inflammation

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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