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biochemistry > Hormonal regulation > Flashcards

Hormonal regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ is both part of the endocrine and the nervous system?

A

The brain

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2
Q

What types of cell-cell communications are there?

A
  • Autocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Neurocrine
  • Endocrine
  • Synaptic action
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3
Q

What type of water soluble are there?

A
  • Amines (Epinephrine)
  • Peptides (Insulin)
  • Eicosanoids
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4
Q

From which substances are eicosanoid

A

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes produced from arachadonic acid (fatty acid)

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5
Q

What are two types of lipid soluble hormones

A
  • Steroids (from cholesterol)
  • Thyroid hormones (Iodine added to tyrosine)
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6
Q

How can lipid soluble hormones be transported?

A

By attaching to transport proteins

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7
Q

What are two important uses of transport proteins?

A
  • Prevent loss of hormone by kidney filtration
  • Make the hormones water soluble
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8
Q

Describe the regulation of water soluble hormones on a cell

A
  1. Hormone binds to membrane receptor
  2. G protein activates cAMP from ATP by adenylate cyclase
  3. cAMP activates protein kinases
  4. Protein kinases activate other enzymes
  5. Enzymes produce physiological responses
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9
Q

Describe the regulation of lipid soluble hormones in a cell

A
  1. Hormones diffuses into cell
  2. Binds to nucleus receptor
  3. Receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression
  4. New proteins produces physiological responces
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10
Q

How can different genes be transcribed by different lipid soluble hormones?

A

It depends on DNA elements and the hormone-receptor complex. Different genes have different promotor sequences.

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11
Q

What are four different types of receptors?

A
  • Channel-linked (ions)
  • Enzyme-linked (receptor=enzyme)
  • G-protein-coupled
  • Intracellular
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12
Q

Why can lipid soluble hormones be toxic?

A

They can easily diffuse into the cell

steroid analogues can trigger steroid like responses

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13
Q

What is DDT?

A
  • Insecticide that binds to steroid receptors
  • Anti-androgenic and pro-estrogenic
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14
Q

What is DES?

A
  • Estrogen analog used to treat women to prevent miscarriage
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15
Q

What are the effects of DES in daughters?

A
  • developmental deficits of the reproductive tract
  • Higher incidence of homo and bisexuality
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16
Q

What are the effects of DES in sons?

A
  • Hypogonadism
  • Low testosterone
  • Higher incidence of transsexuality
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17
Q

How can intake of testosterone later in life be dangerous?

A

Testosterone stimulates growth and can increase DNA mutations

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18
Q

What are four hormonal interactions?

A
  1. Permissive effect
  2. Synergistic effect
  3. Antagonistic effect
  4. Integrative effect (Most cases)
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19
Q

Example of permissive effect?

A

Thyroid hormone required for epinephrine to release

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20
Q

Example of synergistic effect?

A

Estrogen and LH stimulate oocyte production

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21
Q

Example of antagonistic effect?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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22
Q

Which hormonal feedback is more common, negative or positive?

A

Negative

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23
Q

What is target cell feedback?

A

When the last hormone to stimulate the target cells inhibits hormone release from endocrine tissue (Can be by metabolites as well)

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24
Q

Which type of cell-cell connection between hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Endoneuronal

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25
Q

Does the posterior pituitary have long or short axons?

A

Long

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26
Q

How are endocrine substances from the hypothalamus released into the posterior pituitary?

A

Directly into the blood

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27
Q

The pituitary is which type of tissue?

A

Neuronal

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28
Q

How do substances release into the anterior pituitary?

A
  1. Released into the bloodstream which have to diffuse into the endocrine tissue
  2. Other hormones are released from that endocrine tissue
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29
Q

Are the axons of the neurosecretary neurons short or long in the anterior pituitary?

A

Short

30
Q

What are two regions in the posterior pituitary that both release peptide hormones?

A

The POS and PVN

31
Q

Which hormone does the SON release?

A

Oxytocin

32
Q

Which hormones does the PVN release?

A
  • Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
33
Q

How many positions between oxytocin and vasopressin are different?

A

Two

34
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Regulates blood pressure and salt balance (osmolarity of the blood)

35
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A
  • Stimulates muscle contraction in the uterus
  • Stimulates milk ejection
36
Q

How does vasopressing increase water resorption to the blood?

A
  • Increases aquaporin production
  • Increases transport of aquaporins to the membrane of the tubule
37
Q

Vasopressin binds to which type of receptor?

A

G-protein-coupled receptor

cAMP activates protein kinase

38
Q

What are circumventricular organs?

A

Brain structures that lie outside the blood-brain barrier that can easily detect changes in the blood

39
Q

Why are circumventricular organs needed?

A

To detect bodily changes such as blood pressure that were altered under influence of hormones and give feedback on that change

40
Q

How are osmolarity and vasopressin regulated?

A
  1. Plasma osmolarity increases
  2. OVLT senses increase
  3. Hypothalamus releases vasopressin into pituitary
41
Q

Which circumventricular organ senses changes in osmolarity?

A

OVLT

42
Q

How are vasopressin and blood pressure regulated?

A
  1. Blood pressure decreases
  2. Baroreceptors in sinus carotis and aorta sense that
  3. Baroreceptors transmit signal via IX/X nerves to the NST
  4. NST transmits signal to VLM
  5. VLM transmits signal to hypothalamus
  6. Hypothalamus releases vasopressin via pituitary
  7. Vasopressin increases reabsorption
43
Q

Which circumventricular organs are involved in blood pressure?

A

NST and VLM

44
Q

By which cells does the kidney sense low fluid flow or low Na+ concentration?

A

Macula densa cells

45
Q

What does the VP and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone complex do?

A

Increases fluid flow and Na+ concentration

46
Q

Which enzyme does the kidney secrete into the blood when blood flow is low?

A

Renin

47
Q

Which enzyme does the liver secrete into the blood when fluid flow is low?

A

Angiotensin

48
Q

What do renin and angiotensin form in the blood?

A

Angiotensin 1

49
Q

What do the lungs secrete into the blood to react with angiotensin 1?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

50
Q

What do angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin 1 form?

A

Angiotensin 2

51
Q

What does angiotensin cause directly?

A

Widespread vasoconstriction

52
Q

Which circumventricular organ does angiotensin 2 stimulate?

A

SFO

=Subfornical organ

53
Q

Which hormone release does SFO stimulate?

A

Vasopressin

54
Q

What does angiotensin 2 stimulate the production of in the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone

Stimulates Na+ uptake

55
Q

By which two hormones are fluid flow and low Na+ concentration balanced?

A

Vasopressin and aldosterone

56
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Impairment of water resorption

57
Q

How many liters would people with DI urinate a day?

A

10-20 liters

58
Q

How is DI treated?

A

With vasopressin analogues with long half-life times

59
Q

What are the two types of DI?

A
  • Central DI
  • Peripheral DI
60
Q

How can central DI be caused?

Inability to secrete vasopressin

A
  • Genetic defect of the vasopressin gene
  • Destruction of magnocellular neurons by a tumor
61
Q

How is peripheral DI caused?

Inability to respond to vasopressin

A
  • Genetic defect of the vasopressin receptor gene
  • Inability to produce or insert enough aquaporins into the membrane
62
Q

How are the pancreatic islets called ?

A

Islets of Langerhans

63
Q

Are the islets of Langherhans exocrine or endocrine?

A

Endocrine

Think of Insulin/glucagon

64
Q

How are the pancreatic exocrine cells called?

A

Pancreatic acini

Acinus=berry

65
Q

What are the four types of Langerhans cells?

A
  • Alpha cells
  • Beta cells
  • Delta cells
  • F cells
66
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

Growth-hormone ihibiting hormone

67
Q

What do F cells secrete

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

68
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

A

Regulates the production of pancreatic digestive enzymes

69
Q

What is diabetes mellitus

A

When glucose accumulates in the blood and is not secreted by kidneys and is not taken up by tissues.

70
Q

When glucose is not taken up by tissues in DM, what do the tissues use as an energy source?

A

Lipids and proteins

71
Q

What does DM cause in tissues?

A
  • Diabetic nephropathy
  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Retinopathy
  • Heart problems
72
Q

What is type 1 DM?

A

Inadequate insulin production

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biochemistry (13 decks)

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