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Biochemistry > Muscle metabolism and sport > Flashcards

Muscle metabolism and sport Flashcards

1
Q

Via acetyl CoA food is converted into which things?

A
  • CO2
  • Water
  • ATP
  • Heat
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2
Q

On which principles is oxidative phosphorylation based on?

A
  1. Hydrogen atoms transported out via NADH dehydrogenase and cytochromes
  2. Hydrogen atoms transported through the ATPase
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3
Q

How is the function of heme controlled?

A

Protein structure

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4
Q

What is cooperativity in for example heme?

A

If one ligand (O2) binds to one hem group, the affinity for oxygen of other heme groups increases

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5
Q

Name of the effect when CO2 is released id oxygen binds to heme

A

Haldane effect

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6
Q

When does the oxygen association curve shift to the right?

A
  • When hemoglobin is close to muscle or placenta
  • Increase in temperature
  • Higher partial pressure of CO2
  • Higher concentration of 2,3-BPG (metabolite in glycolysis)
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7
Q

Why does the oxygen association graph shift to the right in muscle tissue?

A

Because the pH is low due to lactate production

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8
Q

How do bicarbonate levels change during exercice?

A
  1. More CO2 is produced during exercise
  2. Carbonic acid elevated
  3. Carbonic acid produces bicarbonate and H+
  4. pH lowers in the blood
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9
Q

How does a red blood cell release oxygen into CO2 rich tissues?

(process with bicarbonate)

A
  1. CO2 is taken up
  2. CO2 and H20 form carbonic acid
  3. Carbonic acid forms bicarbonate and 1 proton
  4. The oxygenated hemoglobin substitutes oxygen with proton
  5. Oxygen is released into the tissue
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10
Q

How is CO2 disposed of during breathing?

A
  1. Oxygen enters the red blood cell
  2. Oxygen replaces the proton
  3. Proton and bicarbonate produce carbonic acid
  4. Carbonic acid produces H2O and CO2
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11
Q

What is the competition between protons and oxygen called?

A

Bohr effect

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12
Q

What is ROS (Reactive oxygen species)?

A

Oxygen radicals with unpaired electron

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13
Q

How can oxygen become H2O via ROS?

A
  1. Oxygen to superoxide
  2. Superoxide to hydrogen peroxide
  3. Hydrogen peroxide to H2O and hydroxyl radical (OH.)
  4. Hydroxyl radical to H20
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14
Q

What kind of damage does a hydroxyl radical do in the cell?

A
  • Protein damage
  • Membrane damage
  • DNA damage
  • Lipid peroxidation
  • Influx of Ca2+
  • Increased permeability
  • Cell swelling
  • Mitochondrial damage
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15
Q

How is superoxide converted to hydrogen peroxide?

A

2 superoxides + 2H+ –> hydrogen peroxide
via superoxide dismutase

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16
Q

In which two ways can hydrogen peroxide be detoxified?

A
  • Catalase (peroxisomes) to water and oxygen
  • Gluthione peroxidase to water and gluthione disulfide
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17
Q

By which compound produced in the PPP is gluthione peroxidase supported?

A

NADPH

18
Q

What is unique about metabolism in red blood cells?

A

They do not have mitochondria so glycolysis is anaerobic

19
Q

What happens to Fe of hemoglobin during anaerobic glycolysis in red blood cells?

A

Fe is kept reduced for O2 binding by NADH that is produced from pyruvate to lactate

20
Q

Which compound is produced less in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency?

A

NADPH

21
Q

G6PDH deficient people can produce less of what that is used to remove ROS?

A

Glutathion

22
Q

Why are Fava beans dangerous to people with G6PDH deficiency?

A
  • Fava beans generate alot of ROS
  • Glutathion is difficult to produce due to less NADPH
  • Less glutathion and alot of ROS damages the cell
23
Q

How are people with G6PDH deficiency protected from malaria?

A

ROS damages the parasite

24
Q

What pathway is essential to protect erythrocytes from ROS damage?

A

PPP

25
Q

Describe the power stroke by myosin

A
  1. Mysonin head attaches to actin filament
  2. Phosphate group releases, making the attachment very strong
  3. ADP releases, power stroke initiated
  4. ATP binds, myosin head deattaches
  5. ADP and phosphate binds again, relaxed posistion
26
Q

During rest what is the average concentration of ATP?

A

5 mM

27
Q

During exercise what is the average ATP concentration

A

4 mM

28
Q

How can ATP be stored in the muscle besides glycogen?

A

Creatine to creatine phosphate by adding a phosphate group to creatine from ATP

29
Q

How does AMP regulate muscle contraction?

A
  1. When ATP is low, AMP is high
  2. AMP stimulates glycolysis and TCA cycle
30
Q

Why do we use AMP as a signal to stimulate glycolysis?

A
  • Because AMP has a larger relative change compared to ATP
  • Normal operating regime has a high sensitivity to energy charge

See slide 33

31
Q

At rest, how does energy charge regulate glycolysis?

A

At rest high energy charge inhibits phosphate fructokinase and pyruvate kinase

How is there high energy charge??

32
Q

During exercise, how does energy charge regulate glycolysis?

A

Low energy charge supports phosphatefructokinase and pyruvate kinase

33
Q

Which energy storing compound is quick to produce ATP but overall has low -P available?

A

Creatine phosphate

34
Q

From which tissue is ATP very slowly produced but about 4,000,000 -P is available?

A

Adipose tissue

35
Q

With what protein do muscles trap and store oxygen?

A

Myoglobin

36
Q

Which enzyme does the liver use to convert glucose-6-phosphate to glucose that the muscle does not have?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

37
Q

Which substrate in the heart is preferred to produce energy from in the TCA cycle?

A

Lactate

38
Q

Which enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate and reversed as well?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

39
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

Regeneration of lactate to glucose in the liver because other organs do not have glucose-6-phosphatase

40
Q

What does the muscle use after depletion of glycogen storage?

A

Fatty acids

41
Q

Which substance controls fatty acid import in muscle mitochondria?

A

AMP

42
Q

How does AMP increase fatty acid import?

A
  1. AMP inhibits conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA via ACC-2
  2. Less malonyl CoA causes lack of inhibition of FA catalysis via CPT-1

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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