Vertebrates and Invertebrates Flashcards
What do annelids include?
-Leeches
-Earthworms
Segmentation
the subdivision of the body along its length into a series of repeated part, a nervous system, and a closed circulatory system
Closed circulatory system
blood remains enclosed in vessels throughout the body.
Open circulatory system
Blood is pumped through vessels into open body parts
Arthropods include:
crayfish
lobsters
crabs
barnacles
spiders
ticks
insects
Arthropod features
-segmentation
-exoskeleton
-jointed appendages
-sheds exoskeleton
Molting/ecdysis
shedding exoskeleton
How do arthropods have such success?
-body segmentation
-exoskeleton
-jointed appendages
-flight
-waterproof cuticle
-complex life cycle with short generations and large numbers of offspring
What species to Echinoderms include?
-sea star
-sand dollar
-sea urchins
Qualities of Echinoderms
– slow-moving or sessile,
– all marine,
– radially symmetrical as adults, and
– deuterostomes
Deuterostomes
the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, whereas in protostomes, it becomes the mouth; same for chordates)
Features of Chordates
– a dorsal, hollow nerve cord,
– a flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod, the notochord,
– pharyngeal slits, and
– a muscular post-anal tail.
What phylum do humans belong to?
Chordata
Hagfish and Lamprey features:
-have rudimentary vertebrae,
-have a notochord for the body’s main support, and
-lack hinged jaws.
What animals are included in jawed vertebrates with paired gills and fins?
SHARKS, Ray-Finned Fishes,
and Lobe-Finned Fishes
When did jawed vertebrates appear?
440 MYA
How did jaws evolve?
Jaws may have evolved by
modifications of skeletal supports of
the anterior pharyngeal (gill) slits.
What is the purpose of gills?
The remaining gill slits remained as sites of gas exchange(extracting oxygen from water)
Chondrichthyans
- flexible skeleton made primarily of cartilage
Ray-finned fishes
skeleton made of bone
lobe-finned fishes
have a series of rod-shaped
bones in their muscular pectoral and pelvic fins
examples of Chondrichthyans
SHARKS, skates, rays have a fexible skeleton made of cartilage
examples of Ray-finned fishes
tuna, trout, and goldfish, have a skeleton made of bone
examples of lobe-finned fishes
coelacanths and lungfishes, have
a series of rod-shaped bones in their muscular pectoral
and pelvic fins
Features of amphibians
– include salamanders, frogs, and
caecilians,
– use their moist skins to supplement
their lungs for gas exchange,
– often have poison glands in their skins,
– usually lay their eggs in water,
– undergo metamorphosis from a larval
stage to the adult form, and
– were the first tetrapods to colonize
land
features of Reptiles
– include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and
extinct dinosaurs,
– have a skin covered with scales and waterproofed with
keratin,
– obtain most of their oxygen using lungs, and
– are often ectothermic, absorbing external heat rather
than generating much of their own.
ectothermic
absorbing external heat rather then generating much more of their own
4 features of an Amniotic egg
- The amnion is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the
embryo. - The yolk sac contains a rich store of nutrients for the
developing embryo. - The chorion (and allantois) enable the embryo to obtain
oxygen from the air and dispose of carbon dioxide. - The allantois also helps dispose of metabolic waste.
birds are…
-feathered reptiles
-endothermic
-complex breeders
-dinosaurs
endothermic
using
heat generated by metabolism to maintain a warm, steady
body temperature.
Birds evolved from…
a lineage of small, two-legged
dinosaurs called theropods
what are the features of mammals?
-endothermic
-hair
-mammary glands
-efficient respiratory and circulatory systems
-differentiated teeth for a variety of diets
Monotremes
egg-laying mammals
Marsupials
have a brief gestation and give birth to tiny, embryonic offspring that complete development while
attached to the mother’s nipples
Eutherians
bear fully developed live young
What are the features of primates?
Primate characters include
– limber joints,
– grasping hands and feet with flexible digits,
– a short snout, and
– forward-pointing eyes that enhance depth perception.
Paleoanthropology
the study of human origins and
evolution, focuses on the tiny slice of biological history that
has occurred since the divergence of human and
chimpanzee lineages from their common ancestor.
hominins
species more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees
Anatomy
is the study of the form of an organism’s structures.
Physiology
is the study of function of those structures.
Tissues
are integrated groups of similar cells that perform a common function.
Organs
perform a specific task and consist of two or
more tissues.
Organ systems
consist of multiple organs that
together perform a vital body function.
What are the four main types of tissues?
- epithelial tissue,
- connective tissue,
- muscle tissue, and
- nervous tissue.
Epithelial tissues
sheets of closely
packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal
organs and cavities.
Connective tissue
consists of a sparse population of cells
scattered throughout a matrix.
