Chapter 3 Flashcards
Why is H2O uniquely important to life?
- It is both cohesive(sticks to itself) and adhesive(sticks to other molecules)
- Can moderate temperature changes
- Solvent
- Ice floats on water, insulating a body of water
Explain how hydrogen bonds form
A Hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond to an electronegative atom, creating a positive charge on one side and a negative charge on the other. The negatively charged side of one molecule is then bonded to a positively charged side of another.
What are the four building blocks of life?
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids
What are adipose cells?
Fat cells storing Triacylglycerol for hunger regulation
Describe the structure of phospholipids
A glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids(hydrophobic), and a phosphate group(hydrophilic)
Name the 3 main types of lipids
Tryaclyglycerol, Phospholipids, Steriods
Which lipid is structural?
Phospholipids
Which lipid is used for energy storage?
Tryacylglycerol
Which carbohydrates are structural?
Cellulose, chitin
Which carbohydrates are used for energy storage?
Glycogen, starch
What are the key features of glycogen
-storage polysaccharide
-in animal livers and muscle cells
describe the relationship between glycogen, the liver, and glucose
insulin moves glucose from the bloodstream into the liver, which turns glucose into glycogen and stores it until it is signaled to break glycogen back down into glucose for it to reenter the bloodstream
What are the key characteristics of Cellulose?
-Found in plant cell walls
-polymer of glucose
What are amino acids?
A sequence of a polypeptide programmed by a gene
What is DNA
-Deoxiribonucleic acid
-nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides
What are the key characteristics of RNA
-usually single-stranded
-adenine + uracil instead of adenine + thymine
What type of Lipid is Cholesterol?
Steroid
Which nucleotide is only present in RNA
Uracil(U)
Is glucose a monosaccharide or polysaccharide?
Monosaccharide
Energy storage polysaccharide in the liver
glycogen
What type of cell does not have organelles?
Prokaryotes
What Lipid makes up the majority of the cell membrane
Phospholipids
Which organelle converts light into energy?
Chloroplasts
Name the process by which polymer synthesis happens
Dehydration reaction
Which lipid is structural in plants
Cellulose
What do amino acids make up?
Proteins
Amino acids are composed of…
an amino group, carboxyl group, and a variable group that can be polar or non polar
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The amino acid sequence
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
the coils and folds in the amino acid chain. Can be an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Overall shape of the polypeptide
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule(ei. Collagen)
