Fungi & Plants

Question 1

Fungi

Answer 1

Are heterotrophic eukaryotes

Question 2

Where in the Fungal Diversity occurs secretion of enzymes that digest nutrients and acquire their nutrients by absorption?

Answer 2

Fungi

Question 3

Fungi are what prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 3

They are eukaryotes

Question 4

Does fungi form a separate kingdom in eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Yes they do!

Question 5

Fungi are not plants true or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Fungi have —

Answer 6

Chitin cell wall
– same as insects

Question 7

What does fungal bodies form?

Answer 7

They form networks of tiny filaments called hyphae

Question 8

The most common body structures in fungi are —

Answer 8

multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts) Many grow as both

Question 9

Yeasts in the fungi body structure does what?

Answer 9

inhabit moist environments with plentiful soluble nutrients, such as sugars or amino acids

Question 10

What does Hyphae do in fungi body structure?

Answer 10

have tubular cell walls strengthened with chitin, a structural polymer

Question 11

What does Chitin does in fungi body structure?

Answer 11

Chitin-rich walls prevent cells from lysing due to the osmotic pressure that builds up during nutrient absorption.

Question 12

How do structure and function in fungi relate to their role in ecosystems?

Answer 12

•Fungi are diverse, widespread,and essential for the well-being of most ecosystems
• some are single- celled, though most are complex multicellular organisms

Question 13

Fungi are……. That absorbs…… from……..bodies.

Answer 13

heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies

Question 14

Fungi use…….enzymes to………..into smaller ……….compounds

Answer 14

• Fungi use hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds

Question 15

The role of enzymes in the fungi?

Answer 15

enzymes can digest compounds from a wide range of sources, living or dead

Question 16

How many roles does the fungi have in the ecosystem?

Answer 16

There are 3 roles!

Question 17

The three Fungi exhibit diverse roles in the ecosystem:

Answer 17

– Decomposers break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material
– Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from living hosts
– Mutualistic fungi absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host

Question 18

True or false? Fungi Produce Spores in Both Asexual and Sexual Life Cycles

Answer 18

True

Question 19

In some fungi, fusion of haploid hyphae produces a….

Answer 19

heterokaryotic stage containing nuclei from two parents.

Question 20

What happens after the nuclei fuse? Question from the Point — Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles.

Answer 20

meiosis produces haploid spores.

Question 21

Imperfect fungi

Answer 21

use only asexual reproduction for spore production. They include many species commonly called molds and yeasts.

Question 22

A mold is?

Answer 22

is any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces predominantly asexually by producing spores, often at the tips of specialized hyphae.

Question 23

Yeast

Answer 23

refers to any single-celled fungus.

Question 24

True or false Sometimes haploid and diploid stages have different physical forms?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Fungi Are Classified into Five Groups

Answer 25

- Chytrids - Zygomycetes (zygote fungi) - Glomeromycetes (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) - Ascomycetes (sac fungi) - Basidiomycetes (club fungi)

Question 26

• unique among all fungi in having motile stages in their life cycles; no other fungi have this trait. • These motile stages take the form of zoospores, single cells with a single posterior (at the rear) flagellum. • require water • chytrids live predominantly aquatic habitats.

Answer 26

Chytrids

Question 27

are fungi belonging to the Eumycota, the true fungi that form extended mycelia and diverse asexual and sexual spore structures. The ………………. are fungi that thrive in soil and dead plant material. They also have an exquisite taste for dung.

Answer 27

Zygomycetes

Question 28

The symbiosis between fungi and plant roots, called a…………. (plural, mycorrhizae), absorbs essential minerals from the soil and makes them available to the plant.

Answer 28

mycorrhiza

Question 29

• soil-borne fungi • important microorganisms • intimate mycorrhizal associations with nearly 80% of land plants • crucial in the initial colonization of the terrestrial realm by plants.

Answer 29

Glomeromycetes

Question 30

Symbiosis

Answer 30

• Mutually beneficial symbioses between plants and fungi were crucial to the colonization of land by plants.

Question 31

• Mutually beneficial symbioses between plants and fungi were crucial to the colonization of land by plants.

Answer 31

– These intimate associations allow plants to tap a vast underground network of fungal filaments into which water and mineral nutrients flow. – Plants supply mycorrhizae with sugars and other organic molecules. – At least 90% of all plants form such relationships.

Question 32

Yeast – beer, bread, wine Dutch elm disease is caused by a member of the sac fungi affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles

Answer 32

Ascomycetes

Question 33

Among other roles: recyclers of dead wood

Answer 33

Basidiomycetes

Question 34

True or false — Lichens are not plants!

Answer 34

True they are not plants

Question 35

Lichens

Answer 35

They are symbiotic associations

Question 36

…………..are symbiotic associations of millions of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria held in a mass of fungal hyphae.

Answer 36

Lichens

Question 37

Lichens: Symbiotic Associations of Fungi and Photosynthetic Organisms

Answer 37

– The fungus receives food from its photosynthetic partner. – The fungal mycelium helps the alga or cyanobacterium absorb and retain water and minerals.

Question 38

True or false — Parasitic Fungi Harm Plants and Animals

Answer 38

True

Question 39

True or false—fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Fungal diseases in humans

Answer 40

– Ringworm – Athlete’s foot – yeast overgrowth: §vaginal yeast infection, §thrush: oral yeast overgrowth

Question 41

What does supply essential nutrients to plants through symbiotic mycorrhyizae?

Answer 41

Fungi

Question 42

prokaryotes are essential decomposers in ecosystems, by doing what?

Answer 42

§ breaking down organic matter § restocking the environment with vital nutrients essential for plant growth

Question 43

– may also be used to digest petroleum products to clean up oil spills and other chemical messes.

Answer 43

prokaryotes and Fungi

Question 44

Fungi Have Many Practical Uses

Answer 44

• Mycellium based leather alternatives • Turn plastic into food

Question 45

Plants are photosynthetic eukaryotes True or false?

Answer 45

True Plants are photosynthetic eukaryotes

Question 46

Plants and a group of green algae are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor true or false?

Answer 46

True, Plants and a group of green algae are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 47

Plants living on land had disadvantages: What are those disadvantages?

Answer 47

– maintain moisture inside their cells, – support the body in a non-buoyant medium – reproduce and disperse offspring without water – anchor their bodies in soil, and – obtain resources from soil and air.

Question 48

Some species accumulated adaptations that made life on dry land possible. True or false?

Answer 48

True, Some species accumulated adaptations that made life on dry land possible.

Question 49

Life on land offered many opportunities for plant adaptations that took advantage of?

Answer 49

– initially, few pathogens or plant-eating animals. – bright sunlight, and – abundant atmospheric CO2 - for photosynthesis

Question 50

Photosynthesis

Answer 50

Powers Most Life on Earth— Life depends on the constant flow of energy an matter

Question 51

We eat other life forms to provide us with energy (plants or animals), true or false?

Answer 51

True, We eat other life forms to provide us with energy (plants or animals)

Question 52

Where does Photosynthesis occurs in?

Answer 52

– Plants – algae – certain other unicellular eukaryotes (protists) – some prokaryotes

Question 53

– Plants – algae – certain other unicellular eukaryotes (protists) – some prokaryotes These organisms do what?

Answer 53

These organisms feed themselves and most of the living world

Question 54

photoautotrophs

Answer 54

Are Plants, algae, and some photosynthetic protists and bacteria, producers of food consumed by heterotrophic organisms.

Question 55

Heterotrophs

Answer 55

are consumers that feed on plants or animals or decompose organic material.

Question 56

Chloroplasts

Answer 56

are surrounded by a double membrane

Question 57

Chlorophyll

Answer 57

is a light- absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy.

Question 58

Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages,

Answer 58

• The light reactions occur on and inside the thylakoids, which produce ATP (energy) for the Calvin cycle • During the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds in a process called carbon fixation, producing glucose

Question 59

Photosynthesis Provides Food and O2 For Almost All Living Organisms

Answer 59

• Cellular respiration in the mitochondria of plant cells uses about 50% of the carbohydrates made by photosynthesis. • Sugars also serve as starting material for making other organic molecules, such as proteins and lipids. • Glucose molecules are linked together to make cellulose, the main component of cell walls.

Question 60

Deforestation May Moderate Climate Change

Answer 60

• CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere create the greenhouse effect • Trees and other plants are excellent at carbon capture (if you do not cut them down/ burn them!) —reduce de-forestation, increase forestation

Question 61

Three key events occurred in the history of the plant kingdom:

Answer 61

1. Origin of land plants 2. Origin of vascular plants 3. Origin of seed plants

Question 62

Non-vascular plants

Answer 62

• Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) include the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. • No vascular tissue • No roots, leaves, stems • Spores (no seeds)

Question 63

Vascular plants

Answer 63

• Vascular plants have lignin-hardened vascular tissues that provide strong support. • Have roots, stems, leaves • Can be seedless/ have spores • or can have seeds: – gymnosperms – angiosperms • Seed plants have sperm-transporting pollen grains and protect embryos in seeds

Question 64

Gymnosperms

Answer 64

Gymnosperms, such as pines, produce seeds in cones—naked seeds.

Question 65

angiosperms (aka flowering plants)

Answer 65

– The seeds of angiosperms (aka flowering plants) develop within protective ovaries à fruits and flowers

Question 66

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have pollen grains that carry what?

Answer 66

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have pollen grains that carry their sperm-producing cells through the air.

Question 67

AFTER a pollen grain lands on a compatible female structure, an event known as what?

Answer 67

• AFTER a pollen grain lands on a compatible female structure, an event known as pollination, it undergoes mitosis to produce a sperm.

Question 68

In seed plants, the sperm is what?

Answer 68

In seed plants, the sperm is reduced to a nucleus.

Question 69

The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo, and the ovule becomes what?

Answer 69

The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo, and the ovule becomes a seed, with stored food and a protective seed coat.

Question 70

Flowers are the sites of:

Answer 70

– pollination and – fertilization.

Question 71

Flowers house separate male and female sporangia and gametophytes. True or false?

Answer 71

True, Flowers house separate male and female sporangia and gametophytes.

Question 72

Flowers usually consist of?

Answer 72

– sepals – petals – stamens – carpels

Question 73

sepals

Answer 73

which enclose the flower before it opens

Question 74

petals

Answer 74

which often attract animal pollinators

Question 75

stamens

Answer 75

which include a filament and anther, a sac at the top of each filament that contains male sporangia and releases pollen

Question 76

carpels

Answer 76

the female reproductive structures, which include the stigma, the style, and the ovary, a unique angiosperm adaptation that encloses the ovules.

Question 77

Where are the male and female sporangia located in flowering plants?

Answer 77

They are found in different structures, male sporangia, called anthers are located on the stamen, while female sporangia, known as ovules are housed within the ovary of the pistil

Question 78

Fruits

Answer 78

are – ripened ovaries of flowers and – adaptations that help disperse seeds.

Question 79

Seed dispersal mechanisms include

Answer 79

– wind, – hitching a ride on animals, or – fleshy, edible deposit the seed fruits that attract animals, which then in a supply of natural fertilizer at some distance from the parent plant

Question 80

Flowers attract what?

Answer 80

Flowers attract pollinators by color and scent.

Question 81

Visiting pollinators are rewarded with nectar and pollen true or false?

Answer 81

True, Visiting pollinators are rewarded with nectar and pollen

Question 82

most pollinators fly, the colors of a flower must attract them; therefore, the brighter the flower, the more likely it will be visited. True or false?

Answer 82

True, most pollinators fly, the colors of a flower must attract them; therefore, the brighter the flower, the more likely it will be visited.

Question 83

Flower color significance also depends on the specific pollinator:

Answer 83

• bees are attracted to bright blue and violet colors. • Hummingbirds prefer red, pink, fuchsia or purple flowers. • Butterflies enjoy bright colors such as yellow, orange, pink and red. • Night blooming flowers take advantage of pollinators active at night, like moths and bats. Since they don’t see colors, these flowers are not as colorful. Instead, the flower’s fragrance attracts these pollinators.