Fungi & Plants Flashcards
Fungi
Are heterotrophic eukaryotes
Where in the Fungal Diversity occurs secretion of enzymes that digest nutrients and acquire their nutrients by absorption?
Fungi
Fungi are what prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
They are eukaryotes
Does fungi form a separate kingdom in eukaryotes?
Yes they do!
Fungi are not plants true or false?
True
Fungi have —
Chitin cell wall
– same as insects
What does fungal bodies form?
They form networks of tiny filaments called hyphae
The most common body structures in fungi are —
multicellular filaments and single cells (yeasts) Many grow as both
Yeasts in the fungi body structure does what?
inhabit moist environments with plentiful soluble nutrients, such as sugars or amino acids
What does Hyphae do in fungi body structure?
have tubular cell walls strengthened with chitin, a structural polymer
What does Chitin does in fungi body structure?
Chitin-rich walls prevent cells from lysing due to the osmotic pressure that builds up during nutrient absorption.
How do structure and function in fungi relate to their role in ecosystems?
•Fungi are diverse, widespread,and essential for the well-being of most ecosystems
• some are single- celled, though most are complex multicellular organisms
Fungi are……. That absorbs…… from……..bodies.
heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from outside of their bodies
Fungi use…….enzymes to………..into smaller ……….compounds
• Fungi use hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex molecules into smaller organic compounds
The role of enzymes in the fungi?
enzymes can digest compounds from a wide range of sources, living or dead
How many roles does the fungi have in the ecosystem?
There are 3 roles!
The three Fungi exhibit diverse roles in the ecosystem:
– Decomposers break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material
– Parasitic fungi absorb nutrients from living hosts
– Mutualistic fungi absorb nutrients from hosts and reciprocate with actions that benefit the host
True or false? Fungi Produce Spores in Both Asexual and Sexual Life Cycles
True
In some fungi, fusion of haploid hyphae produces a….
heterokaryotic stage containing nuclei from two parents.
What happens after the nuclei fuse? Question from the Point — Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles.
meiosis produces haploid spores.
Imperfect fungi
use only asexual reproduction for spore production. They include many species commonly called molds and yeasts.
A mold is?
is any rapidly growing fungus that reproduces predominantly asexually by producing spores, often at the tips of specialized hyphae.
Yeast
refers to any single-celled fungus.
True or false Sometimes haploid and diploid stages have different physical forms?
True
Fungi Are Classified into Five Groups
- Chytrids
- Zygomycetes (zygote fungi)
- Glomeromycetes (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi)
- Ascomycetes (sac fungi)
- Basidiomycetes (club fungi)
• unique among all fungi in having motile stages in their life cycles; no other fungi have this trait.
• These motile stages take the form of zoospores, single cells with a single posterior (at the rear) flagellum.
• require water
• chytrids live predominantly aquatic habitats.
Chytrids
are fungi belonging to the Eumycota, the true fungi that form extended mycelia and diverse asexual and sexual spore structures. The ………………. are fungi that thrive in soil and dead plant material. They also have an exquisite taste for dung.
Zygomycetes
The symbiosis between fungi and plant roots, called a…………. (plural, mycorrhizae), absorbs essential minerals from the soil and makes them available to the plant.
mycorrhiza
• soil-borne fungi
• important microorganisms
• intimate mycorrhizal associations
with nearly 80% of land plants
• crucial in the initial colonization of the terrestrial realm by plants.
Glomeromycetes
Symbiosis
• Mutually beneficial symbioses between plants and fungi were crucial to the colonization of land by plants.
• Mutually beneficial symbioses between plants and fungi were crucial to the colonization of land by plants.
– These intimate associations allow plants to tap a vast underground network of fungal filaments into which water and mineral nutrients flow.
– Plants supply mycorrhizae with sugars and other organic molecules.
– At least 90% of all plants form such relationships.
Yeast – beer, bread, wine
Dutch elm disease is caused by a member of the sac fungi
affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles
Ascomycetes
Among other roles: recyclers of dead wood
Basidiomycetes
True or false — Lichens are not plants!
True they are not plants
Lichens
They are symbiotic associations
…………..are symbiotic associations of millions of microscopic green algae or cyanobacteria held in a mass of fungal hyphae.
Lichens
Lichens: Symbiotic Associations of Fungi and Photosynthetic Organisms
– The fungus receives food from its photosynthetic partner.
– The fungal mycelium helps the alga or cyanobacterium absorb and retain water and minerals.
True or false — Parasitic Fungi Harm Plants and Animals
True
True or false—fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals.
True
Fungal diseases in humans
– Ringworm
– Athlete’s foot
– yeast overgrowth:
§vaginal yeast infection,
§thrush: oral yeast overgrowth
What does supply essential nutrients to plants through symbiotic mycorrhyizae?
Fungi
prokaryotes are essential decomposers in ecosystems, by doing what?
§ breaking down organic matter
§ restocking the environment with vital nutrients
essential for plant growth
– may also be used to digest petroleum products to clean
up oil spills and other chemical messes.
prokaryotes and Fungi
Fungi Have Many Practical Uses
• Mycellium based leather alternatives
• Turn plastic into food
Plants are photosynthetic eukaryotes
True or false?
True Plants are photosynthetic eukaryotes
Plants and a group of green algae are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor true or false?
True, Plants and a group of green algae are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor
Plants living on land had disadvantages:
What are those disadvantages?
– maintain moisture inside their cells,
– support the body in a non-buoyant medium
– reproduce and disperse offspring without water
– anchor their bodies in soil, and
– obtain resources from soil and air.
Some species accumulated adaptations that made life on dry land possible. True or false?
True, Some species accumulated adaptations that made life on dry land possible.
Life on land offered many opportunities for plant adaptations that took advantage of?
– initially, few pathogens or plant-eating animals.
– bright sunlight, and
– abundant atmospheric CO2
- for photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Powers Most Life on Earth—
Life depends on the constant flow of energy an matter
We eat other life forms to provide us with energy (plants or animals), true or false?
True, We eat other life forms to provide us with energy (plants or animals)
Where does Photosynthesis occurs in?
– Plants
– algae
– certain other unicellular eukaryotes
(protists)
– some prokaryotes
– Plants
– algae
– certain other unicellular eukaryotes
(protists)
– some prokaryotes
These organisms do what?
These organisms feed themselves and most of the living world
photoautotrophs
Are Plants, algae, and some photosynthetic protists and bacteria, producers of food consumed by heterotrophic organisms.
Heterotrophs
are consumers that feed on plants or animals or decompose organic material.
Chloroplasts
are surrounded by a double membrane
Chlorophyll
is a light- absorbing pigment in the chloroplasts that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy.
Photosynthesis Occurs in Two Stages,
• The light reactions occur on and inside the thylakoids, which produce ATP (energy) for the Calvin cycle
• During the Calvin cycle, CO2 is incorporated into organic compounds in a process called carbon fixation, producing glucose
Photosynthesis Provides Food and O2 For Almost All Living Organisms
• Cellular respiration in the mitochondria of plant cells uses about 50% of the carbohydrates made by photosynthesis.
• Sugars also serve as starting material for making other organic molecules, such as proteins and lipids.
• Glucose molecules are linked together to make cellulose, the main component of cell walls.
Deforestation May Moderate Climate Change
• CO2 and other gases in the atmosphere create the greenhouse effect
• Trees and other plants are excellent at carbon capture (if you do not cut them down/ burn them!)
—reduce de-forestation, increase forestation
Three key events occurred in the history of the plant kingdom:
- Origin of land plants
- Origin of vascular plants
- Origin of seed plants
Non-vascular plants
• Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) include the mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
• No vascular tissue
• No roots, leaves, stems
• Spores (no seeds)
Vascular plants
• Vascular plants have lignin-hardened vascular tissues that provide strong support.
• Have roots, stems, leaves
• Can be seedless/ have spores
• or can have seeds:
– gymnosperms
– angiosperms
• Seed plants have sperm-transporting pollen grains and protect embryos in seeds
Gymnosperms
Gymnosperms, such as pines, produce seeds in cones—naked seeds.
angiosperms (aka flowering plants)
– The seeds of angiosperms (aka flowering plants) develop within protective ovaries à fruits and flowers
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have pollen grains that carry what?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms have pollen grains that carry their sperm-producing cells through the air.
AFTER a pollen grain lands on a compatible female structure, an event known as what?
• AFTER a pollen grain lands on a compatible female structure, an event known as pollination, it undergoes mitosis to produce a sperm.
In seed plants, the sperm is what?
In seed plants, the sperm is reduced to a nucleus.
The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo, and the ovule becomes what?
The zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo, and the ovule becomes a seed, with stored food and a protective seed coat.
Flowers are the sites of:
– pollination and
– fertilization.
Flowers house separate male and female sporangia and gametophytes. True or false?
True, Flowers house separate male and female sporangia and gametophytes.
Flowers usually consist of?
– sepals
– petals
– stamens
– carpels
sepals
which enclose the flower before it opens
petals
which often attract animal pollinators
stamens
which include a filament and anther, a sac at the top of each filament that contains male sporangia and releases pollen
carpels
the female reproductive structures, which include the stigma, the style, and the ovary, a unique angiosperm adaptation that encloses the ovules.
Where are the male and female sporangia located in flowering plants?
They are found in different structures, male sporangia, called anthers are located on the stamen, while female sporangia, known as ovules are housed within the ovary of the pistil
Fruits
are
– ripened ovaries of flowers and
– adaptations that help disperse seeds.
Seed dispersal mechanisms include
– wind,
– hitching a ride on animals, or
– fleshy, edible deposit the seed fruits that attract animals, which then in a supply of natural fertilizer at some distance from the parent plant
Flowers attract what?
Flowers attract pollinators by color and scent.
Visiting pollinators are rewarded with nectar and pollen true or false?
True, Visiting pollinators are rewarded with nectar and pollen
most pollinators fly, the colors of a flower must attract them; therefore, the brighter the flower, the more likely it will be visited. True or false?
True, most pollinators fly, the colors of a flower must attract them; therefore, the brighter the flower, the more likely it will be visited.
Flower color significance also depends on the specific pollinator:
• bees are attracted to bright blue and violet colors.
• Hummingbirds prefer red, pink, fuchsia or purple flowers.
• Butterflies enjoy bright colors such as yellow, orange, pink and red.
• Night blooming flowers take advantage of pollinators active at night, like moths and bats. Since they don’t see colors, these flowers are not as colorful. Instead, the flower’s fragrance attracts these pollinators.
