Study Guide Midterm 1 Flashcards
The seven properties of life:
1.- order
2.- response to environment
3.- regulation
4.- reproduction
5.-growth
6.- energy processing
7.- evolutionary adaptation
The three domains of life:
1.- Bacteria
2.- Archaea
3.- Eukarya
Bacteria
Cells do not contain a nucleus
Archaea
Cells do not contain a nucleus; they have a different cell wall from bacteria.
Eukarya
Cells do contain a nucleus, and divided in kingdoms (fungi, animals and plants)
The 10 levels of organization:
- Biosphere
- Ecosystem
- Community
- Population
- Organism
- Organs and organ system
- Tissue
- Cell
- Organelle
- Molecule
Emergent Properties
arise out of each increased level of complexity (eg. Ability to evolve arises when individual organisms combine to form populations.
Form and function
are tightly linked, is the relationship between the shape, size, and structure of an organism, and how that structure allows for actions that aid the organism in survival.
Simple structure of organic compounds
- organic compounds, and they usually contains hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon.
- The carbon backbone allows for many different shapes.
- various functional groups can be attached to a backbone.
Macromolecules
Are Polymers, built from Monomers
Monomers
molecules that serve as building blocks
Polymers
Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers)
Dehydration reaction
Occurs when Linked monomers together through the loss of water molecule.
Hydrolysis reaction
Polymers are disassembled into monomers by this reactions, which are essentially the reverse of dehydration reactions. Break polymers into monomers.
What are the four building blocks of life?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- Lipids
Carbohydrate polymers can be also called?
Polysaccharides
What has in common carbohydrates & Monosaccharides?
- Monosaccharides are the monomeric form of carbohydrates
Which Carbohydrate polymers (Polyccharides) are used to store energy?
starch and glycogen
Which Carbohydrate polymers (Polyccharides) are used for structural fibres?
Cellulose and chitin
What are the three types of Lipids (or Fats)?
- Triacylglycerol (energy source and store in fat tissue)
- Phospholipids (two fatty acids)
- steroids (cholesterol)
Wha are Lipids?
large biological molecules that does not form polymers. They are hydrophobic (non polar)
Which are the roles of Lipids in energy storage?
Membrane formation and hormone signaling.
Lipids are Polymers?
No, they are not! They are hydrophobic.
What are proteins?
polymers composed of amino monomers.
Which are the four levels of Protein structure?
- Primary structure: a protein is its unique amino acids sequence.
- Secondary structure: coils and folds within the polypeptide chain.
- Tertiary structure: determinate by interactions among various side chains (R groups).
- Quaternary structure: a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains.
What do proteins do?
- Enzymes (process that changes another molecule)
- scaffolds
- channels
- gates
- pumps
- motors, etc
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
composed of nucleotide monomers.
Which are the five different nucleotide bases?
- adenine, A
- guanine, G
- cytosine, C
- thymine, T
- uracil, U.
What are the four nucleotide bases that are part of DNA?
- adenine, A
- guanine, G
- cytosine, C
- thymine, T
What’s the nucleotide base that is part of RNA?
- uracil (U)
What can be found within DNA molecule?
Information can be stored by linking together nucleotides in a particular sequence, (genes)
Prokaryotes
- oldest cell type
- small and simple
- lack of nucleus
- lack of organelles
- single-celled
Eukaryotes
- evolve from prokaryotes
- large and more complex
- contain nucleus
- contain organelles
- single-celled or multicellular
What is the molecular makeup of plasma membrane?
- 50% lipid
- 50% protein
- carbohydrate portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins constituting 5 to 10% of the membrane mass