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AP Biology > Vertebrates > Flashcards

Vertebrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a chordate

A
  • notochord
  • nerve chord (hollow, dorsal)
  • pharyngeal slits
  • muscular tail
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2
Q

what is the notochord?

A

stiff, flexible rod that supports chordate body (between nerve chord/gut)

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3
Q

What are the 3 SUBPHYLUM of chordates?

A
  • urochordata (sea squirts)
  • cephalochordata (lancelets)
  • vertebrata (everything)
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4
Q

what characteristics do urochordata larvae have?

A

chordate

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5
Q

what 3 characteristics do urochordata adults have?

A
  • sessile filter feeders
  • open circulatory system
  • secrete cellulose
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6
Q

what subphylum of chordata are boneless fish-like filter feeders?

A

cephalochordata

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7
Q

what subphylum of chordata have backbones and two genders?

A

vertebrata

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8
Q

VERTEBRATA:

brain is housed in…?

A

cranium

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9
Q

VERTEBRATA:

what type of circulatory system?

A

closed with dorsal aorta and ventral heart

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10
Q

VERTEBRATA:

what type of gas exchange?

A

gills or lungs

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11
Q

VERTEBRATA:

how many appendages and eyes?

A

two pairs and one pair of eyes

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12
Q

VERTEBRATA:

what do kidneys do?

A

excretory function

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13
Q

what class of vertebrates eat nutrients from sediments or are parasitic?

A

agnatha (jawless fish)

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14
Q

what class of vertebrates went extinct 150 million years ago?

A

placodermi

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15
Q

what are characteristics of placoderms?

A
  • armored, hinged jaws
  • predatory
  • ancestors of chondrichthyes/osteichthyes
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16
Q

what are examples of chondrichthyes?

A

sharks and rays

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17
Q

what are the skin and skeleton like of chondrichthyes?

A

skin: tough, made of tooth-like scales
skeleton: cartilage

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18
Q

how do chondrichthyes stay alive? (senses, gains)

A

good sense of sight, smell, and vibration

gain buoyancy by storing liver oil

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19
Q

how do chondrichthyes lay eggs?

A 
oviparous (external, eggs)
or 
ovoviviparous (internal, eggs inside)
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20
Q

what class of vertebrates have bony fish (with membranous fins)?

A

osteichthyes

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21
Q

how do osteichthyes stay alive? (buoyancy, friction)

A

buoyancy: air bladders
friction: secrete mucous to reduce

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22
Q

how many chambers in an osteichthyes heart and with what type of fertilization?

A

2, oviparous

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23
Q

what are amphibia characteristics?

A
  • reproduce aquatically
  • oviparous
  • gills/skin = respiratory
  • 3 chambered heart
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24
Q

which class of vertebrates are land dwellers with amniotic eggs?

A

reptilia

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25
Q

how many chambers in a reptilian heart and what type of skin do they have?

A

three

dry scales

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26
Q

which class of vertebrates produce utica acid as waste

A

reptilia

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27
Q

list characteristics of aves:

A
  • hollow bones
  • beak
  • biiig breast bone
  • feathers
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28
Q

what type of heart and eggs do aves have

A

4 chambered, amniotic

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29
Q

list mammalian characteristics

A
  • fur/hair
  • produce milk
  • special teeth
  • diaphragm
  • 4 chambered
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30
Q

what are skeletons for?

A

method of movement, support for soft tissues

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31
Q

what are the three types of skeletons?

A

hydrostatic (water pressure) exoskeletons (hard shells)

endoskeletons (internal)

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32
Q

what are functions of endoskeletons?

A
  • support
  • movement/muscle attachment
  • stores minerals/fat
  • protects organs
  • forms blood cells in marrow
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33
Q

what are the types of joints? big pesh!

A
  • ball and socket
  • immovable
  • gliding
  • pivot
  • ellipsoid
  • saddle
  • hinge
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34
Q

what is your axial skeleton?

A

skull/vertebrae

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35
Q

what is your appendicular skeleton?

A

all bones

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36
Q

what is the epiphysis of a bone?

A

end (cartilage covered)

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37
Q

what is the diaphysis of a bone?

A

shaft (periosteum covered)

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38
Q

what is the periosteum of a bone?

A

fibrous coating, vessels and nerves

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39
Q

what is the medullary cavity of a bone?

A

has marrow

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40
Q

what is the endosteum of a bone?

A

lining of medullary cavity

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41
Q

what does the muscular system do?

A

movement by contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers

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42
Q

what are the muscle types?

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

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43
Q

smooth muscle is involuntary and found where?

A

internal organs and blood vessels

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44
Q

smooth muscle is weak but has long durations.. what does it look like?

A

tapered

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45
Q

cardiac muscle is involuntary but where are it’s control centers

A

in the heart

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46
Q

cardiac muscles are branched and linked how?

A

linked by intercalated discs

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47
Q

skeletal muscles are voluntary with what type of contractions?

A

strong, short duration

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48
Q

what do skeletal muscles look like?

A

striped, fibrous looking, multinucleated

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49
Q

what is rigor mortis?

A

after death, atp stops being produced and then the myosin heads get stuck on the actin filaments

50
Q

what do slow twitch fibers have less of and what does it lead to?

A

less sarcoplasmic reticula = slower, sustained contractions (VISE VERSA FOR FAST TWITCH)

51
Q

what do slow twitch fibers have more of?

A

more myoglobin = endurance

52
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

lack of calcium = muscles taking calcium from your bones

53
Q

what is the digestive system?

A

breakdown of food chemically (saliva) and mechanically (chewing)

absorption of nutrients! (unabsorbed is poop)

54
Q

what are the 3 types of food eaters?

A

herbivore, carnivore, omnivore

55
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

food going in through vacuoles

56
Q

what is a gastrovascular cavity? (two way gut)

A

-single opening digestive sack

57
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

-one way gut

58
Q

what is the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange between environment and organism

59
Q

what are the requirements for respiration?

A
  • large surface area

- moist

60
Q

how do protists exchange gas?

A

diffusion (cell surface)

61
Q

how do sponges/annelids exchange gas?

A

diffusion (skin)

62
Q

how do mollusks/echinoderms exchange gas?

A

gills

63
Q

how do arthropods exchange gas?

A

trachea, lungs, gills

64
Q

what are gills?

A

really divided tissue that extracts oxygen better

65
Q

how do gills work?

A
  • must have water to flow in opposite direction of blood flow
  • filled with capillaries
66
Q

what is the atrium?

A

collects blood from veins

67
Q

what are ventricles?

A

thicc, ejects blood into arteries

68
Q

what are arteries?

A

thicc vessels that take blood away from heart

69
Q

what are arterioles?

A

(smaller arteries) reduce pressure of blood as to not burst capillaries

70
Q

what are capillaries?

A

one cell thicc, leaky- allows diffusion and plasma to escape

71
Q

what are venules?

A

elastic RECEIVERS of blood from capillaries

72
Q

what are veins?

A

RECIEVERS of blood from venules, contains one-way valves

73
Q

what is blood

A

tissue

74
Q

what are the 4 parts of blood? (pelt)

A

plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

aka RBC, WBC, platelets, substances

75
Q

what is plasma?

A
  • mostly water
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
76
Q

what are red blood cells?

A
  • majority of blood

- hemoglobin!

77
Q

where are red blood cells made and how long do they last?

A

red bone marrow, 4 months

78
Q

what do white blood cells do?

A

fight infections

79
Q

what are platelets?

A

cell fragments that help clot

80
Q

how do you get cardiovascular disease?

A

bad diet or no exercise

81
Q

what is ATHEROsclerosis?

A

plaque in blood vessels

82
Q

what is ARTERIOsclerosis?

A

calcium build up that cause hardening

83
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure because of clotting or high cholesterol

84
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

animals keeping a constant temperature

85
Q

what are endotherms?

A

warm blooded: using energy to maintain own body temp

86
Q

what are ectotherms?

A

cold blooded: using environment to regulate body temp

87
Q

what are the 4 types of heat transfer? (crec)

A

conduction, radiation, evaporation, convection

88
Q

what is conduction?

A

direct contact

89
Q

what is convection?

A

movement of fluids

90
Q

what is radiation?

A

electromagnetic waves

91
Q

what is evaporation?

A

needed for change from liquid to gas

92
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

glands that put substances into blood

93
Q

what are chemical messengers that travel through the body to affect specific cells?

A

hormones

94
Q

what are steroid hormones?

A

4 ring structure, fat soluble

95
Q

what are peptides?

A

proteins

96
Q

what are modified amino acids?

A

almost like neurotransmitters

97
Q

what are the external non-specific defenses in your immune system?

A
  • skin/mucous membrane
  • tears/saliva
  • enzymes
98
Q

what do non specific phagocytes do?

A

destroy foreign particles

99
Q

what happens during inflammation (non specific response)

A
  • blood vessels dilate

- swell because more permeable

100
Q

what are specific defenses?

A 
3rd line of defense: 
drms
diversity
recognition
memory
specificity
101
Q

what is active immunity?

A

specific immunity because of a foreign particle

102
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

specific immunity because of another organism

103
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

making antibody proteins by B lymphocytes to bind to foreign particles

104
Q

what is cell mediated immunity?

A

T lymphocytes bind to cells that have foreign particles

105
Q

what is the integration part of the nervous system?

A

central NS puts together sensory input to make a response

106
Q

what is the motor output of the nervous system?

A

muscles and glands reacting

107
Q

What are neurons?

A

make electrical impulses

108
Q

what do interneurons accomplish?

A

integration

109
Q

what are supporting cells?

A

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

110
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

make a barrier between brain and circulatory system

111
Q

what are the oligodendrocytes?

A

form insulation

112
Q

what determines the speed of an impulse?

A

insulation and diameter

113
Q

what is a synaptic junction?

A

spot where impulse jumps from one cell to another (connected by gap junctions)

114
Q

when sodium ions travel from one cell to another, it causes…?

A

the postsynaptic cell to depolarize

115
Q

what are the neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine, amines, neuropeptides

116
Q

what is acetylcholine?

A

excitatory in neuromuscular junctions

117
Q

what is amines?

A

dopamine!

118
Q

what are neuropeptides?

A

endorphin!

119
Q

what are neurotransmitters used for?

A

sending an impulse from cell to cell

120
Q

what does the presynaptic cell release?

A

a neurotransmitter when excited and then diffused across synaptic cleft

121
Q

what do neurotransmitters bind to?

A

chemically charged ion channels

122
Q

list the flow of a blood cell in the circulatory system? (LONG SORRY)

A 
right atrium
right atrioventricular valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery 
lung!
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left atrioventricular valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
vena cava
right atrium

AP Biology (7 decks)

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