Vertebrates Flashcards
What are the 4 characteristics of a chordate
- notochord
- nerve chord (hollow, dorsal)
- pharyngeal slits
- muscular tail
what is the notochord?
stiff, flexible rod that supports chordate body (between nerve chord/gut)
What are the 3 SUBPHYLUM of chordates?
- urochordata (sea squirts)
- cephalochordata (lancelets)
- vertebrata (everything)
what characteristics do urochordata larvae have?
chordate
what 3 characteristics do urochordata adults have?
- sessile filter feeders
- open circulatory system
- secrete cellulose
what subphylum of chordata are boneless fish-like filter feeders?
cephalochordata
what subphylum of chordata have backbones and two genders?
vertebrata
VERTEBRATA:
brain is housed in…?
cranium
VERTEBRATA:
what type of circulatory system?
closed with dorsal aorta and ventral heart
VERTEBRATA:
what type of gas exchange?
gills or lungs
VERTEBRATA:
how many appendages and eyes?
two pairs and one pair of eyes
VERTEBRATA:
what do kidneys do?
excretory function
what class of vertebrates eat nutrients from sediments or are parasitic?
agnatha (jawless fish)
what class of vertebrates went extinct 150 million years ago?
placodermi
what are characteristics of placoderms?
- armored, hinged jaws
- predatory
- ancestors of chondrichthyes/osteichthyes
what are examples of chondrichthyes?
sharks and rays
what are the skin and skeleton like of chondrichthyes?
skin: tough, made of tooth-like scales
skeleton: cartilage
how do chondrichthyes stay alive? (senses, gains)
good sense of sight, smell, and vibration
gain buoyancy by storing liver oil
how do chondrichthyes lay eggs?
oviparous (external, eggs) or ovoviviparous (internal, eggs inside)
what class of vertebrates have bony fish (with membranous fins)?
osteichthyes
how do osteichthyes stay alive? (buoyancy, friction)
buoyancy: air bladders
friction: secrete mucous to reduce
how many chambers in an osteichthyes heart and with what type of fertilization?
2, oviparous
what are amphibia characteristics?
- reproduce aquatically
- oviparous
- gills/skin = respiratory
- 3 chambered heart
which class of vertebrates are land dwellers with amniotic eggs?
reptilia
how many chambers in a reptilian heart and what type of skin do they have?
three
dry scales
which class of vertebrates produce utica acid as waste
reptilia
list characteristics of aves:
- hollow bones
- beak
- biiig breast bone
- feathers
what type of heart and eggs do aves have
4 chambered, amniotic
list mammalian characteristics
- fur/hair
- produce milk
- special teeth
- diaphragm
- 4 chambered
what are skeletons for?
method of movement, support for soft tissues
what are the three types of skeletons?
hydrostatic (water pressure) exoskeletons (hard shells)
endoskeletons (internal)
what are functions of endoskeletons?
- support
- movement/muscle attachment
- stores minerals/fat
- protects organs
- forms blood cells in marrow
what are the types of joints? big pesh!
- ball and socket
- immovable
- gliding
- pivot
- ellipsoid
- saddle
- hinge
what is your axial skeleton?
skull/vertebrae
what is your appendicular skeleton?
all bones
what is the epiphysis of a bone?
end (cartilage covered)
what is the diaphysis of a bone?
shaft (periosteum covered)
what is the periosteum of a bone?
fibrous coating, vessels and nerves
what is the medullary cavity of a bone?
has marrow
what is the endosteum of a bone?
lining of medullary cavity
what does the muscular system do?
movement by contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers
what are the muscle types?
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
smooth muscle is involuntary and found where?
internal organs and blood vessels
smooth muscle is weak but has long durations.. what does it look like?
tapered
cardiac muscle is involuntary but where are it’s control centers
in the heart
cardiac muscles are branched and linked how?
linked by intercalated discs
skeletal muscles are voluntary with what type of contractions?
strong, short duration
what do skeletal muscles look like?
striped, fibrous looking, multinucleated
what is rigor mortis?
after death, atp stops being produced and then the myosin heads get stuck on the actin filaments
what do slow twitch fibers have less of and what does it lead to?
less sarcoplasmic reticula = slower, sustained contractions (VISE VERSA FOR FAST TWITCH)
what do slow twitch fibers have more of?
more myoglobin = endurance
what is osteoporosis?
lack of calcium = muscles taking calcium from your bones
what is the digestive system?
breakdown of food chemically (saliva) and mechanically (chewing)
absorption of nutrients! (unabsorbed is poop)
what are the 3 types of food eaters?
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
what is phagocytosis?
food going in through vacuoles
what is a gastrovascular cavity? (two way gut)
-single opening digestive sack
what is the alimentary canal?
-one way gut
what is the respiratory system?
gas exchange between environment and organism
what are the requirements for respiration?
- large surface area
- moist
how do protists exchange gas?
diffusion (cell surface)
how do sponges/annelids exchange gas?
diffusion (skin)
how do mollusks/echinoderms exchange gas?
gills
how do arthropods exchange gas?
trachea, lungs, gills
what are gills?
really divided tissue that extracts oxygen better
how do gills work?
- must have water to flow in opposite direction of blood flow
- filled with capillaries
what is the atrium?
collects blood from veins
what are ventricles?
thicc, ejects blood into arteries
what are arteries?
thicc vessels that take blood away from heart
what are arterioles?
(smaller arteries) reduce pressure of blood as to not burst capillaries
what are capillaries?
one cell thicc, leaky- allows diffusion and plasma to escape
what are venules?
elastic RECEIVERS of blood from capillaries
what are veins?
RECIEVERS of blood from venules, contains one-way valves
what is blood
tissue
what are the 4 parts of blood? (pelt)
plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
aka RBC, WBC, platelets, substances
what is plasma?
- mostly water
- electrolytes
- proteins
what are red blood cells?
- majority of blood
- hemoglobin!
where are red blood cells made and how long do they last?
red bone marrow, 4 months
what do white blood cells do?
fight infections
what are platelets?
cell fragments that help clot
how do you get cardiovascular disease?
bad diet or no exercise
what is ATHEROsclerosis?
plaque in blood vessels
what is ARTERIOsclerosis?
calcium build up that cause hardening
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure because of clotting or high cholesterol
what is thermoregulation?
animals keeping a constant temperature
what are endotherms?
warm blooded: using energy to maintain own body temp
what are ectotherms?
cold blooded: using environment to regulate body temp
what are the 4 types of heat transfer? (crec)
conduction, radiation, evaporation, convection
what is conduction?
direct contact
what is convection?
movement of fluids
what is radiation?
electromagnetic waves
what is evaporation?
needed for change from liquid to gas
what is the endocrine system?
glands that put substances into blood
what are chemical messengers that travel through the body to affect specific cells?
hormones
what are steroid hormones?
4 ring structure, fat soluble
what are peptides?
proteins
what are modified amino acids?
almost like neurotransmitters
what are the external non-specific defenses in your immune system?
- skin/mucous membrane
- tears/saliva
- enzymes
what do non specific phagocytes do?
destroy foreign particles
what happens during inflammation (non specific response)
- blood vessels dilate
- swell because more permeable
what are specific defenses?
3rd line of defense: drms diversity recognition memory specificity
what is active immunity?
specific immunity because of a foreign particle
what is passive immunity?
specific immunity because of another organism
what is humoral immunity?
making antibody proteins by B lymphocytes to bind to foreign particles
what is cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes bind to cells that have foreign particles
what is the integration part of the nervous system?
central NS puts together sensory input to make a response
what is the motor output of the nervous system?
muscles and glands reacting
What are neurons?
make electrical impulses
what do interneurons accomplish?
integration
what are supporting cells?
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
what are astrocytes?
make a barrier between brain and circulatory system
what are the oligodendrocytes?
form insulation
what determines the speed of an impulse?
insulation and diameter
what is a synaptic junction?
spot where impulse jumps from one cell to another (connected by gap junctions)
when sodium ions travel from one cell to another, it causes…?
the postsynaptic cell to depolarize
what are the neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, amines, neuropeptides
what is acetylcholine?
excitatory in neuromuscular junctions
what is amines?
dopamine!
what are neuropeptides?
endorphin!
what are neurotransmitters used for?
sending an impulse from cell to cell
what does the presynaptic cell release?
a neurotransmitter when excited and then diffused across synaptic cleft
what do neurotransmitters bind to?
chemically charged ion channels
list the flow of a blood cell in the circulatory system? (LONG SORRY)
right atrium right atrioventricular valve right ventricle pulmonary valve pulmonary artery lung! pulmonary vein left atrium left atrioventricular valve left ventricle aortic valve aorta vena cava right atrium
