Vertebrates Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 characteristics of a chordate
A
- notochord
- nerve chord (hollow, dorsal)
- pharyngeal slits
- muscular tail
2
Q
what is the notochord?
A
stiff, flexible rod that supports chordate body (between nerve chord/gut)
3
Q
What are the 3 SUBPHYLUM of chordates?
A
- urochordata (sea squirts)
- cephalochordata (lancelets)
- vertebrata (everything)
4
Q
what characteristics do urochordata larvae have?
A
chordate
5
Q
what 3 characteristics do urochordata adults have?
A
- sessile filter feeders
- open circulatory system
- secrete cellulose
6
Q
what subphylum of chordata are boneless fish-like filter feeders?
A
cephalochordata
7
Q
what subphylum of chordata have backbones and two genders?
A
vertebrata
8
Q
VERTEBRATA:
brain is housed in…?
A
cranium
9
Q
VERTEBRATA:
what type of circulatory system?
A
closed with dorsal aorta and ventral heart
10
Q
VERTEBRATA:
what type of gas exchange?
A
gills or lungs
11
Q
VERTEBRATA:
how many appendages and eyes?
A
two pairs and one pair of eyes
12
Q
VERTEBRATA:
what do kidneys do?
A
excretory function
13
Q
what class of vertebrates eat nutrients from sediments or are parasitic?
A
agnatha (jawless fish)
14
Q
what class of vertebrates went extinct 150 million years ago?
A
placodermi
15
Q
what are characteristics of placoderms?
A
- armored, hinged jaws
- predatory
- ancestors of chondrichthyes/osteichthyes
16
Q
what are examples of chondrichthyes?
A
sharks and rays
17
Q
what are the skin and skeleton like of chondrichthyes?
A
skin: tough, made of tooth-like scales
skeleton: cartilage
18
Q
how do chondrichthyes stay alive? (senses, gains)
A
good sense of sight, smell, and vibration
gain buoyancy by storing liver oil
19
Q
how do chondrichthyes lay eggs?
A
oviparous (external, eggs) or ovoviviparous (internal, eggs inside)
20
Q
what class of vertebrates have bony fish (with membranous fins)?
A
osteichthyes
21
Q
how do osteichthyes stay alive? (buoyancy, friction)
A
buoyancy: air bladders
friction: secrete mucous to reduce
22
Q
how many chambers in an osteichthyes heart and with what type of fertilization?
A
2, oviparous
23
Q
what are amphibia characteristics?
A
- reproduce aquatically
- oviparous
- gills/skin = respiratory
- 3 chambered heart
24
Q
which class of vertebrates are land dwellers with amniotic eggs?
A
reptilia
25
how many chambers in a reptilian heart and what type of skin do they have?
three
dry scales
26
which class of vertebrates produce utica acid as waste
reptilia
27
list characteristics of aves:
- hollow bones
- beak
- biiig breast bone
- feathers
28
what type of heart and eggs do aves have
4 chambered, amniotic
29
list mammalian characteristics
- fur/hair
- produce milk
- special teeth
- diaphragm
- 4 chambered
30
what are skeletons for?
method of movement, support for soft tissues
31
what are the three types of skeletons?
hydrostatic (water pressure) exoskeletons (hard shells)
| endoskeletons (internal)
32
what are functions of endoskeletons?
- support
- movement/muscle attachment
- stores minerals/fat
- protects organs
- forms blood cells in marrow
33
what are the types of joints? big pesh!
- ball and socket
- immovable
- gliding
- pivot
- ellipsoid
- saddle
- hinge
34
what is your axial skeleton?
skull/vertebrae
35
what is your appendicular skeleton?
all bones
36
what is the epiphysis of a bone?
end (cartilage covered)
37
what is the diaphysis of a bone?
shaft (periosteum covered)
38
what is the periosteum of a bone?
fibrous coating, vessels and nerves
39
what is the medullary cavity of a bone?
has marrow
40
what is the endosteum of a bone?
lining of medullary cavity
41
what does the muscular system do?
movement by contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers
42
what are the muscle types?
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
43
smooth muscle is involuntary and found where?
internal organs and blood vessels
44
smooth muscle is weak but has long durations.. what does it look like?
tapered
45
cardiac muscle is involuntary but where are it’s control centers
in the heart
46
cardiac muscles are branched and linked how?
linked by intercalated discs
47
skeletal muscles are voluntary with what type of contractions?
strong, short duration
48
what do skeletal muscles look like?
striped, fibrous looking, multinucleated
49
what is rigor mortis?
after death, atp stops being produced and then the myosin heads get stuck on the actin filaments
50
what do slow twitch fibers have less of and what does it lead to?
less sarcoplasmic reticula = slower, sustained contractions (VISE VERSA FOR FAST TWITCH)
51
what do slow twitch fibers have more of?
more myoglobin = endurance
52
what is osteoporosis?
lack of calcium = muscles taking calcium from your bones
53
what is the digestive system?
breakdown of food chemically (saliva) and mechanically (chewing)
absorption of nutrients! (unabsorbed is poop)
54
what are the 3 types of food eaters?
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore
55
what is phagocytosis?
food going in through vacuoles
56
what is a gastrovascular cavity? (two way gut)
-single opening digestive sack
57
what is the alimentary canal?
-one way gut
58
what is the respiratory system?
gas exchange between environment and organism
59
what are the requirements for respiration?
- large surface area
| - moist
60
how do protists exchange gas?
diffusion (cell surface)
61
how do sponges/annelids exchange gas?
diffusion (skin)
62
how do mollusks/echinoderms exchange gas?
gills
63
how do arthropods exchange gas?
trachea, lungs, gills
64
what are gills?
really divided tissue that extracts oxygen better
65
how do gills work?
- must have water to flow in opposite direction of blood flow
- filled with capillaries
66
what is the atrium?
collects blood from veins
67
what are ventricles?
thicc, ejects blood into arteries
68
what are arteries?
thicc vessels that take blood away from heart
69
what are arterioles?
(smaller arteries) reduce pressure of blood as to not burst capillaries
70
what are capillaries?
one cell thicc, leaky- allows diffusion and plasma to escape
71
what are venules?
elastic RECEIVERS of blood from capillaries
72
what are veins?
RECIEVERS of blood from venules, contains one-way valves
73
what is blood
tissue
74
what are the 4 parts of blood? (pelt)
plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
aka RBC, WBC, platelets, substances
75
what is plasma?
- mostly water
- electrolytes
- proteins
76
what are red blood cells?
- majority of blood
| - hemoglobin!
77
where are red blood cells made and how long do they last?
red bone marrow, 4 months
78
what do white blood cells do?
fight infections
79
what are platelets?
cell fragments that help clot
80
how do you get cardiovascular disease?
bad diet or no exercise
81
what is ATHEROsclerosis?
plaque in blood vessels
82
what is ARTERIOsclerosis?
calcium build up that cause hardening
83
what is hypertension?
high blood pressure because of clotting or high cholesterol
84
what is thermoregulation?
animals keeping a constant temperature
85
what are endotherms?
warm blooded: using energy to maintain own body temp
86
what are ectotherms?
cold blooded: using environment to regulate body temp
87
what are the 4 types of heat transfer? (crec)
conduction, radiation, evaporation, convection
88
what is conduction?
direct contact
89
what is convection?
movement of fluids
90
what is radiation?
electromagnetic waves
91
what is evaporation?
needed for change from liquid to gas
92
what is the endocrine system?
glands that put substances into blood
93
what are chemical messengers that travel through the body to affect specific cells?
hormones
94
what are steroid hormones?
4 ring structure, fat soluble
95
what are peptides?
proteins
96
what are modified amino acids?
almost like neurotransmitters
97
what are the external non-specific defenses in your immune system?
- skin/mucous membrane
- tears/saliva
- enzymes
98
what do non specific phagocytes do?
destroy foreign particles
99
what happens during inflammation (non specific response)
- blood vessels dilate
| - swell because more permeable
100
what are specific defenses?
```
3rd line of defense:
drms
diversity
recognition
memory
specificity
```
101
what is active immunity?
specific immunity because of a foreign particle
102
what is passive immunity?
specific immunity because of another organism
103
what is humoral immunity?
making antibody proteins by B lymphocytes to bind to foreign particles
104
what is cell mediated immunity?
T lymphocytes bind to cells that have foreign particles
105
what is the integration part of the nervous system?
central NS puts together sensory input to make a response
106
what is the motor output of the nervous system?
muscles and glands reacting
107
What are neurons?
make electrical impulses
108
what do interneurons accomplish?
integration
109
what are supporting cells?
astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
110
what are astrocytes?
make a barrier between brain and circulatory system
111
what are the oligodendrocytes?
form insulation
112
what determines the speed of an impulse?
insulation and diameter
113
what is a synaptic junction?
spot where impulse jumps from one cell to another (connected by gap junctions)
114
when sodium ions travel from one cell to another, it causes...?
the postsynaptic cell to depolarize
115
what are the neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, amines, neuropeptides
116
what is acetylcholine?
excitatory in neuromuscular junctions
117
what is amines?
dopamine!
118
what are neuropeptides?
endorphin!
119
what are neurotransmitters used for?
sending an impulse from cell to cell
120
what does the presynaptic cell release?
a neurotransmitter when excited and then diffused across synaptic cleft
121
what do neurotransmitters bind to?
chemically charged ion channels
122
list the flow of a blood cell in the circulatory system? (LONG SORRY)
```
right atrium
right atrioventricular valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lung!
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left atrioventricular valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
vena cava
right atrium
```
