Evolution and Speciation

Question 1

what is a microevolution?

Answer 1

change in populations allelic frequencies

Question 2

what is a macroevolution?

Answer 2

• large change in appearance, behavior, physiology

- long period of time

Question 3

what are the 5 points of darwin’s theory?

Answer 3

• individuals of species may vary
• some variations are heritable
• the more individuals are produced than the environment can support
• competition for resources
• individuals with most favorable traits survive

Question 4

what are the 2 points of natural selection?

Answer 4

• acts upon phenotypes

- survivors are fit

Question 5

what are the only changes to dna that can be passed down?

Answer 5

mutations

Question 6

what is genetic recombination?

Answer 6

sexual reproduction that creates new combinations of genes

Question 7

what is variation by migration?

Answer 7

individuals remove and add variations when they enter and leave

Question 8

what are 3 variations?

Answer 8

• morphological variations
• chromosomal variations
• protein variations

Question 9

what does it mean for a population to be in H-W Equilibrium?

Answer 9

a state of constant gene frequencies in a population

Question 10

what things keep a population from being in the equilibrium?

Answer 10

• mutations
• migration
• natural selection
• genetic drift
• random mating

Question 11

how do biologists define a species?

Answer 11

a biological species has members that make fertile offspring

Question 12

what is allopathic speciation?

Answer 12

• population split into 2 or more populations
• diverse genetically due to selective forces
• migration away

Question 13

what is sympatric speciation?

Answer 13

• speciation within a population

- nondisjunction of chromosomes

Question 14

sympatric: what is polyploidy?

Answer 14

chromosomes don’t separate and creat multiple sets of chromosomes in gametes

Question 15

sympatric: what is autopolyploidy?

Answer 15

doubling of chromosomes number in the population (new species)

Question 16

sympatric: what is allopolyploidy?

Answer 16

two species donating gametes and the chromosomes double

Question 17

what are different prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

to remember: take my goofy, beaded hat TMGBH

Answer 17

• habitat differences
• temporal differences
• mechanical differences
• behavioral differences
• gametic differences

Question 18

what are temporal differences?

Answer 18

breeding during a certain time

Question 19

what are mechanical differences?

Answer 19

mating is attempted but failed

Question 20

what are gemete differences?

Answer 20

sperm can’t fertilize other species

Question 21

what are behavior differences?

Answer 21

attraction barriers

Question 22

what are habitat differences?

Answer 22

don’t see each other

Question 23

what are the 3 postzygotic isolating mechanisms?

Answer 23

• zygote doesn’t survive gestation
• offspring sterile
• hybrid break down

Question 24

what are the dominant frequncies labeled as?

Answer 24

P^2

Question 25

what are the heterozygote frequencies labeled as?

Answer 25

2pq

Question 26

what are the recessive frequencies labeled as?

Answer 26

q^2

Question 27

what are the 5 things needed to design a lab?

Answer 27

• variable
• control
• data collected
• randomization
• multiple trials