Classification and Diversity of Life

Question 1

what is anagenesis?

Answer 1

change from one ancestral species to another

Question 2

what is cladogenesis?

Answer 2

splitting of lineage, new species branch from ancestral species

Question 3

what is the phylogenetic tree?

Answer 3

a cladogram basically

Question 4

how are photogenic trees made?

Answer 4

biological data

Question 5

what are some eukaryotic characteristics?

Answer 5

• cytoskeleton
• membrane bound organelles
• linear chromosomes
• endomembrane system

Question 6

how are organisms grouped?

Answer 6

shared or lost traits because of evolution

Question 7

what are the 3 data types that are common for making phylogenic trees?

Answer 7

• morphological features
• protein sequence similarities
• computer models

Question 8

what are bacteria characteristics?

Answer 8

• prokaryotic
• has peptidoglycan in cell wall
• affected by antibiotics
• uses formyl-methionine

Question 9

what are archaea characteristics?

Answer 9

• prokaryotic
• no peptidoglycan
• not affected by antibiotics
• uses methionine
• some have histones/introns

Question 10

what are eukarya characteristics?

Answer 10

• eukaryotic
• no peptidoglycan
• not affected by antibiotics
• uses methionine
• has histones/introns

Question 11

what are protista characteristics?

Answer 11

• unicellular

- diverse eukaryotes

Question 12

what are fungi characteristics?

Answer 12

• multicellular

- heterotrophic (absorb food)

Question 13

what are plantar characteristics?

Answer 13

• multicellular

- autotrophic

Question 14

what are animalia characteristics?

Answer 14

• multicellular

- heterotrophic (ingestion)

Question 15

what are characteristics of viruses?

Answer 15

• small

- genetic material surrounded by protein coat

Question 16

what is the protein coat called?

Answer 16

capsid

Question 17

what are the 3 shapes of a virus?

Answer 17

• icosohedron
• spiral
• bacteriophage

Question 18

the first step of viral infection is attachment… what happens?

Answer 18

virus attaches to cell with specific receptor protein

Question 19

the second step of viral infection is penetration… what happens?

Answer 19

-whole virus enters cell
or
-virus injects genetic material

Question 20

what is the 3rd step of viral infection

Answer 20

the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle

Question 21

what happens in the lytic cycle?

Answer 21

• the genetic material is used to create new proteins/genetic material
• new particles self assemble and exit cell (burst!)
• rapid!

Question 22

what is the lysogenic cycle?

Answer 22

-viral material is incorporated (remains dormant)

FUTURE SIGNAL -> lytic cycle

Question 23

RNA viruses don’t have error checking mechanisms so they have more what?

Answer 23

mutations

Question 24

related viruses can do what?

Answer 24

combine info

Question 25

what are protista characteristics (more in depth)?

Answer 25

- unicellular - eukaryotic - diverse nutrition - both asexual and sexual - variety of locomotion

Question 26

what are fungi characteristics (more in depth)?

Answer 26

- heterotrophic - decomposers or parasites - multicellular - made up of hyphae (mass is called mycelium) - sexual or asexual

Question 27

what is the mycelium responsible for?

Answer 27

feeding

Question 28

fungi have sporangia that do what?

Answer 28

-disseminate light and durable spores

Question 29

fungi are ____ dominant

Answer 29

haploid

Question 30

how do fungi reproduce asexually?

Answer 30

mitotic cell division

Question 31

how do fungi reproduce sexually?

Answer 31

two mycelia fusing hyphae and creating offspring by meiosis

Question 32

what are the two symbioses?

Answer 32

- lichen | - mycorrhizae

Question 33

what is lichen?

Answer 33

- fungus surrounding green algae | - makes organic matter

Question 34

what is mycorrhizae?

Answer 34

-help plant absorb water and nutrients

Question 35

how do plants become successful on land?

Answer 35

- reproduce (water) - transport nutrients (diffusion, small) - support (stay short) - protection from dessication (moist)

Question 36

what were the first plants to go on land?

Answer 36

bryophytes

Question 37

what are tracheophytes?

Answer 37

plants with vascular tissue

Question 38

what are characteristics of plantae?

Answer 38

- photosynthetic - cellulose walls - non-motile - sexual/asexual - multicellular

Question 39

how do gymnosperms reproduce?

Answer 39

-windborne pollen to take sperm to egg without water

Question 40

what are angiosperms?

Answer 40

-covered seeds

Question 41

how do angiosperms not dry out?

Answer 41

-waxy coatings

Question 42

how do angiosperms stay supported?

Answer 42

hard vascular tissue

Question 43

how do angiosperms transprot their eggs?

Answer 43

- wind | - animals

Question 44

how do angiosperms transport nutrients?

Answer 44

diffusion