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AP Biology > Classification and Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Classification and Diversity of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is anagenesis?

A

change from one ancestral species to another

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2
Q

what is cladogenesis?

A

splitting of lineage, new species branch from ancestral species

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3
Q

what is the phylogenetic tree?

A

a cladogram basically

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4
Q

how are photogenic trees made?

A

biological data

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5
Q

what are some eukaryotic characteristics?

A
  • cytoskeleton
  • membrane bound organelles
  • linear chromosomes
  • endomembrane system
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6
Q

how are organisms grouped?

A

shared or lost traits because of evolution

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7
Q

what are the 3 data types that are common for making phylogenic trees?

A
  • morphological features
  • protein sequence similarities
  • computer models
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8
Q

what are bacteria characteristics?

A
  • prokaryotic
  • has peptidoglycan in cell wall
  • affected by antibiotics
  • uses formyl-methionine
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9
Q

what are archaea characteristics?

A
  • prokaryotic
  • no peptidoglycan
  • not affected by antibiotics
  • uses methionine
  • some have histones/introns
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10
Q

what are eukarya characteristics?

A
  • eukaryotic
  • no peptidoglycan
  • not affected by antibiotics
  • uses methionine
  • has histones/introns
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11
Q

what are protista characteristics?

A
  • unicellular

- diverse eukaryotes

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12
Q

what are fungi characteristics?

A
  • multicellular

- heterotrophic (absorb food)

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13
Q

what are plantar characteristics?

A
  • multicellular

- autotrophic

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14
Q

what are animalia characteristics?

A
  • multicellular

- heterotrophic (ingestion)

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15
Q

what are characteristics of viruses?

A
  • small

- genetic material surrounded by protein coat

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16
Q

what is the protein coat called?

A

capsid

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17
Q

what are the 3 shapes of a virus?

A
  • icosohedron
  • spiral
  • bacteriophage
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18
Q

the first step of viral infection is attachment… what happens?

A

virus attaches to cell with specific receptor protein

19
Q

the second step of viral infection is penetration… what happens?

A

-whole virus enters cell
or
-virus injects genetic material

20
Q

what is the 3rd step of viral infection

A

the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle

21
Q

what happens in the lytic cycle?

A
  • the genetic material is used to create new proteins/genetic material
  • new particles self assemble and exit cell (burst!)
  • rapid!
22
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle?

A

-viral material is incorporated (remains dormant)

FUTURE SIGNAL -> lytic cycle

23
Q

RNA viruses don’t have error checking mechanisms so they have more what?

A

mutations

24
Q

related viruses can do what?

A

combine info

25
Q

what are protista characteristics (more in depth)?

A
  • unicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • diverse nutrition
  • both asexual and sexual
  • variety of locomotion
26
Q

what are fungi characteristics (more in depth)?

A
  • heterotrophic
  • decomposers or parasites
  • multicellular
  • made up of hyphae (mass is called mycelium)
  • sexual or asexual
27
Q

what is the mycelium responsible for?

A

feeding

28
Q

fungi have sporangia that do what?

A

-disseminate light and durable spores

29
Q

fungi are ____ dominant

A

haploid

30
Q

how do fungi reproduce asexually?

A

mitotic cell division

31
Q

how do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

two mycelia fusing hyphae and creating offspring by meiosis

32
Q

what are the two symbioses?

A
  • lichen

- mycorrhizae

33
Q

what is lichen?

A
  • fungus surrounding green algae

- makes organic matter

34
Q

what is mycorrhizae?

A

-help plant absorb water and nutrients

35
Q

how do plants become successful on land?

A
  • reproduce (water)
  • transport nutrients (diffusion, small)
  • support (stay short)
  • protection from dessication (moist)
36
Q

what were the first plants to go on land?

A

bryophytes

37
Q

what are tracheophytes?

A

plants with vascular tissue

38
Q

what are characteristics of plantae?

A
  • photosynthetic
  • cellulose walls
  • non-motile
  • sexual/asexual
  • multicellular
39
Q

how do gymnosperms reproduce?

A

-windborne pollen to take sperm to egg without water

40
Q

what are angiosperms?

A

-covered seeds

41
Q

how do angiosperms not dry out?

A

-waxy coatings

42
Q

how do angiosperms stay supported?

A

hard vascular tissue

43
Q

how do angiosperms transprot their eggs?

A
  • wind

- animals

44
Q

how do angiosperms transport nutrients?

A

diffusion

AP Biology (7 decks)

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