Classification and Diversity of Life Flashcards
what is anagenesis?
change from one ancestral species to another
what is cladogenesis?
splitting of lineage, new species branch from ancestral species
what is the phylogenetic tree?
a cladogram basically
how are photogenic trees made?
biological data
what are some eukaryotic characteristics?
- cytoskeleton
- membrane bound organelles
- linear chromosomes
- endomembrane system
how are organisms grouped?
shared or lost traits because of evolution
what are the 3 data types that are common for making phylogenic trees?
- morphological features
- protein sequence similarities
- computer models
what are bacteria characteristics?
- prokaryotic
- has peptidoglycan in cell wall
- affected by antibiotics
- uses formyl-methionine
what are archaea characteristics?
- prokaryotic
- no peptidoglycan
- not affected by antibiotics
- uses methionine
- some have histones/introns
what are eukarya characteristics?
- eukaryotic
- no peptidoglycan
- not affected by antibiotics
- uses methionine
- has histones/introns
what are protista characteristics?
- unicellular
- diverse eukaryotes
what are fungi characteristics?
- multicellular
- heterotrophic (absorb food)
what are plantar characteristics?
- multicellular
- autotrophic
what are animalia characteristics?
- multicellular
- heterotrophic (ingestion)
what are characteristics of viruses?
- small
- genetic material surrounded by protein coat
what is the protein coat called?
capsid
what are the 3 shapes of a virus?
- icosohedron
- spiral
- bacteriophage
the first step of viral infection is attachment… what happens?
virus attaches to cell with specific receptor protein
the second step of viral infection is penetration… what happens?
-whole virus enters cell
or
-virus injects genetic material
what is the 3rd step of viral infection
the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle
what happens in the lytic cycle?
- the genetic material is used to create new proteins/genetic material
- new particles self assemble and exit cell (burst!)
- rapid!
what is the lysogenic cycle?
-viral material is incorporated (remains dormant)
FUTURE SIGNAL -> lytic cycle
RNA viruses don’t have error checking mechanisms so they have more what?
mutations
related viruses can do what?
combine info
what are protista characteristics (more in depth)?
- unicellular
- eukaryotic
- diverse nutrition
- both asexual and sexual
- variety of locomotion
what are fungi characteristics (more in depth)?
- heterotrophic
- decomposers or parasites
- multicellular
- made up of hyphae (mass is called mycelium)
- sexual or asexual
what is the mycelium responsible for?
feeding
fungi have sporangia that do what?
-disseminate light and durable spores
fungi are ____ dominant
haploid
how do fungi reproduce asexually?
mitotic cell division
how do fungi reproduce sexually?
two mycelia fusing hyphae and creating offspring by meiosis
what are the two symbioses?
- lichen
- mycorrhizae
what is lichen?
- fungus surrounding green algae
- makes organic matter
what is mycorrhizae?
-help plant absorb water and nutrients
how do plants become successful on land?
- reproduce (water)
- transport nutrients (diffusion, small)
- support (stay short)
- protection from dessication (moist)
what were the first plants to go on land?
bryophytes
what are tracheophytes?
plants with vascular tissue
what are characteristics of plantae?
- photosynthetic
- cellulose walls
- non-motile
- sexual/asexual
- multicellular
how do gymnosperms reproduce?
-windborne pollen to take sperm to egg without water
what are angiosperms?
-covered seeds
how do angiosperms not dry out?
-waxy coatings
how do angiosperms stay supported?
hard vascular tissue
how do angiosperms transprot their eggs?
- wind
- animals
how do angiosperms transport nutrients?
diffusion
