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AP Biology > Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Plant Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two types of transport?

A
  • short

- long

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2
Q

what is short distance transport?

A

movement along the radial axis

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3
Q

what is long distance transport?

A

movement up and down a plant organ

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4
Q

how do short distance osmotic substances move?

A

osmotic substances move directly through cell membranes by diffusion

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5
Q

how do short distance symplastic substances move?

A

symplastic substances can only move from cell to cell by plasmodesmata through the cytoplasm

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6
Q

how do short distance apolplastic substances move?

A

not allowed in cell— move outside cells through continuum of cell walls

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7
Q

how do long distance substances move?

A

high to low pressure in the xylem/phloem

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of water movement?

A
  • absorption of water
  • roof pressure
  • transpiration-cohesion-tension theory
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9
Q

how does the plant absorb water?

A
  • absorbed by root hairs from soil to stele

- endodermal cells actively transport minerals/water to stele

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10
Q

what makes water go through the endodermal cells?

A

the casparian strip of the endodermis

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of water movement?

A
  • absorption of water
  • root pressure
  • transpiration-cohesion-tension theory
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12
Q

how does water get absorbed by the plant?

A
  • water goes from root hairs in soil to the stele (osmotically)
  • endodermal cells actively transport minerals/water to stele
  • xylem to leaf
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13
Q

what makes the water go through the endodermal cells?

A

the casparian strip of the endodermis

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14
Q

what is root pressure?

A

water pressure builds up in stele because of mucho concentration of dissolved substances in stele

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15
Q

how does root pressure work?

A

-pressure pushes water up stem (low success)

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16
Q

root pressure causes what in small plants?

A

guttation (dew)

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17
Q

what are the walls of xylem stiffened with and why?

A

lignin to prevent collapse under the negative pressure

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18
Q

what is the movement of water fueled by?

A

evaporation in leaves

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19
Q

what does the cohesion of water help?

A

water molecules stick together in xylem and can be pulled long distances (against gravity)

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20
Q

how does the T-C-T theory work?

A
  • water vapor leaves stomata
  • water in bundle sheath cells replace that
  • water in xylem of vein replace that
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21
Q

what does the T-C-T theory cause?

A

a partial vacuum in the leaf vein and it pulls water up

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22
Q

what 3 things affect transpiration?

A
  • temp (doubles every 10C increase)
  • humidity (hindered if there’s already water in air)
  • air currents (good if the air is blowing the humid air away)
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23
Q

where do plants not need gas?

A

xylem

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24
Q

what to guard cells do?

A

regulate stomata in leaves

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25
Q

what guard cells are too thicc with water, do they close or open?

A

open

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26
Q

when guard cells are NOT too thicc with water, do they open or close?

A

close

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27
Q

what ion changes the osmotic pressure in guard cells?

A

potassium

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28
Q

what happens when potassium ions are put into guard cells and vice versa?

A

osmosis of water into the guard cells (h2o follows k+)

*when potassium goes out, water goes out too (copy cat ass bitch)

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29
Q

what drives potassium ions?

A

active transport (photosynthesis in guard cells)

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30
Q

what influences the stomata movement? (acronym: WAIT.. Light the Co2) sorry that’s the best acronym i could think of

A
  • water availability
  • abscisic acid
  • internal clock
  • temp
  • light
  • co2 concentration
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31
Q

how does the availability of water affect stomatal movement?

A

no water=stomata closed

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32
Q

how does the abscisic acid affect stomatal movement?

A

binds to guard cell receptors and increases potassium permeability (allows potassium to get the fuck out of the guard cells)

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33
Q

how does the co2 concentration affect stomatal movement?

A

closes the guard cells if there’s more co2

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34
Q

how does the temperature affect stomatal movement?

A

increase= stomata close because of increased respiration

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35
Q

how does the light affect stomatal movement?

A

stomata open because blue light makes potassium feel very welcomed in the stomata community (stimulates K+ import)

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36
Q

how does the internal clock affect stomatal movement?

A

stomata could be controlled by internal clock

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37
Q

what are the 3 plant adaptations?

A
  • xerophytes
  • deciduous plants
  • cam plants
38
Q

what are xerophytes?

A

adapted for dryness

  • thiccc leaves
  • heavy cuticles
  • stomata in pits
39
Q

what are deciduous plants?

A
  • lose leaves in dry seasons

- stores water in rainy reasons

40
Q

what are cam plants?

A

take in co2 at night (stores as carb)

releases co2 during day while stomata is closed

41
Q

what type of minerals are usually taken in?

A

inorganic (dissolved salt)

42
Q

how are minerals taken in?

A

actively transported in xylem with water to the stele

43
Q

how is food transported (translocation)?

A

pressure-flow-hypothesis

44
Q

what are sources and what are sinks?

source->sink

A

source: sugars produced
sink: sugar is used

45
Q

translocation: sugar is actively transported to the PHLOEM by what/where?

A

the bundle sheath cells at the source

46
Q

translocation: water follows WHAT into the phloem by WHAT

A

follows sugar by osmosis

47
Q

translocation: water pressure builds up in phloem causing what?

A

the sap gets pushed away from the source

48
Q

translocation: if the sugar is being demanded, sugar leaves.. and who the fuck follows?

A

fuckin water

49
Q

translocation creates a what?

A

low pressure area

a who???

low pressure area

50
Q

translocation: sap goes from _____ hydrostatic pressure to ___ hydrostatic pressure

A

high to low

51
Q

what at the 4 factors of nutrients in soil?

A
  • mineral content
  • ph level
  • humus
  • symbionts
52
Q

what is the mineral content consist of?

A
  • parent rock
  • size of soil particles
  • erosion
53
Q

what does an acidic ph of soil do?

A

the hydrogen ions replace other positive ions

54
Q

what is humus?

A

organic material of dead organisms

55
Q

what do symbionts do?

A

allows for better absorption

56
Q

what are macro and micro nutrients? (the necessary nutrients)

A

macro- large amounts needed (Ca, Mg, P)

micro- small amounts needed (Fe, Zn, Mo)

57
Q

what are two of the symbionts?

A

microrrhizae- fungi that extracts nutrients from soil for plants

rhizobium- replaces necessary nitrogen (gets carbs from plant in return)

58
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemical messengers that do special things;)

59
Q

what are some specific things that hormones do?

A

they help..

  • growth
  • development
  • metabolic activity
60
Q

what are tropisms?

A

growth responses due to external stimuli

61
Q

what is the difference between negative and positive tropisms?

A

positive- grows toward stimulus

negative- grows away from stimulus

62
Q

young stems have ______ tropisms

A

positive

63
Q

if the stem tip is cut, what happens?

A

growth response NO HAPPEN

64
Q

if the cut stem tip is put in agar and the agar is places on the stem, what happens?

A

positive tropism!

65
Q

what happens if mica is used instead of agar?

A

no curvature happens

66
Q

the response to light is because of what in the stem tip?

A

auxin

67
Q

how do plant hormones work?

A

they alter what genes are activated/repressed

68
Q

what are the 5 plant hormones? (acronym: acaa egg)

A
  • auxin
  • cytokinins
  • abscisic acid
  • ethylene gas
  • gibberellins
69
Q

what is another name for auxins?

A

indoleacetic acid

70
Q

what do auxins do?

A
  • cell elongation
  • produce fruit without fertilization
  • herbicide to kill dicots
71
Q

what produces auxin?

A
  • young leaves/flowers

- it is also produced in the stem tip and goes to root

72
Q

what do auxins do to cellulose fibers?

A

makes the cell wall loosen so expansion can happen

73
Q

what do auxins activate?

A

10 genes involved with cell growth

74
Q

what is apical dominance?

A

auxin stopping growth and differentiation

75
Q

where are gibberellins produced?

A
  • young leaves, young seeds, young roots

- highest concentrations in the young seeds

76
Q

what do gibberellins do?

A
  • promotes hyperelongation i’m stems

- stimulates nutrients for embryo growth

77
Q

where are cytokinins produced?

A

roots

78
Q

what do cytokinins do?

A
  • releases axillary buds from apical dominance
  • prevents aging
  • causes cell division
79
Q

what does ethylene gas do?

A
  • ripens fruit
  • stops cell elongation
  • regulates leaf loss
80
Q

what does abscisic acid do?

A
  • controls leaf loss
  • stops growth in seeds
  • closes stomata when the plant has a huge final to study for and it gets stressed
81
Q

what is a gravitropism?

A

response to gravity controlled by auxin

82
Q

what do statoliths do?

A

controls auxin and controls growth

83
Q

what is a thigmotropism?

A

a coiling response to a touch

cells that done touch something continue to elongate

84
Q

what is photoperiodism?

A

response of plant to light and darkness

85
Q

what is a day neutral plant?

A

a plant that doesn’t give a fuck about the sun and flowers whenever it feels like it

86
Q

what is a short day plant? (long night)

A

flower when the light period is short

87
Q

what is a long day plant?

A

flower when the light period is long

88
Q

plants detect dark instead of light using what?

A

phytochromes

  • red light (sunrise)
  • dark red light (sunset)
89
Q

what is the circadian rhythm?

A

regular day/night cycles

90
Q

what is resetting the clock?

A

entrainment- modifying external conditions

AP Biology (7 decks)

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