Plant Anatomy Flashcards
what are the 3 embryonic plant tissues?
- protoderm
- procambium
- ground meristem
what does the protoderm develop into?
plants covering
what does the procambium develop into?
plants vascular tissue
what does the ground meristem develop into?
tissue between covering and vascular tissue
what are the 3 mature tissues?
- dermal
- vascular tissue
- ground tissue
what is the dermal tissue?
plants skin/protective coating
may develop other special parts like root hairs and shit
what does the vascular tissue do?
it conducts fluids and is responsible for secondary growth
wha is the ground tissue?
fills space between the dermal/vascular
- can perform photo synthesis
- stores materials
what are the 3 common cells?
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
what are some characteristics about parenchyma
- most common cell
- has thin primary cell wall
- has all normal plant organelles
what are the functions of parenchyma cells?
- photosynthesis
- respiration
- food/water storage
what are some characteristics of collenchyma cells?
- thickened primary cell walls
- grouped in strands for flexible support
what are some characteristics of sclerenchyma cells?
- support plants by having a thicc, stiff;), secondary cell wall
- dead at maturity
how does germination start?
when the seed coat is…
- worn away
- burned
- broken
during germination, the aleurone starts to produce alpha-amylase, which does what?
breaks down starch into sugars
during germination, the radicle and the hypocotyl do what?
elongate and leaves begin to develop
growth is __________ because do embryonic tissues called meristems.
indeterminate
where are primary and secondary meristem growths?
primary- apical
secondary- lateral
what are two characteristics of meristem cells?
- unspecified
- divide to make new cells
what are the 3 types of roots?
- tap
- adventitious
- arial
what are tap roots?
primary root that others develop from
what are adventitious roots?
the form the branching network of roots (MONOCOTS)
what are arial roots?
roots that form above ground
what is the point of primary growth from the root?
root tip
what is the root cap?
protection for the apical meristem
what is the dermal tissue?
protection/absorption of water/minerals
what is the zone of differentiation?
the 3 embryonic tissue types form here (protoderm/procambium/ground meristem)
what is the zone of elongation?
where cells lengthen by water uptake
what is the cortex?
makes up young roots
stores food
what is the endodermis?
layer of cells surrounding vascular tissue in root (water goes through the cells)
what are each of the endodermal cells surrounded by waxy substance called what?
suberin
what is the pericycle?
- conducts water toward vascular tissue
- produces secondary roots and bark
what is in the stele (vascular cylinder)?
xylem- water
phloem- sap
what does the stem do?
- pathway for materials
- support
- produces other things
what does the vascular tissue contain?
- conductive cells
- support fibers
- parenchyma
what are the conducting cells?
- phloem (living at maturity with primary cell wall)
- xylem (dead at maturity with secondary cell wall)
what is the primary growth in stems?
similar to growth of roots (not as distinct)
in stems, the apical meristem is covered in what instead of cap?
leaf primordia
what is the vascular cambium made up of?
cells from the embryonic procambium
in dicots, what does the vascular cambium do?
makes a ring of phloem/xylem
xylem becomes _____ and phloem becomes _______
heartwood, bark
what do leaves do?
- photosynthesis
- control water
what is the blade?
main photosynthetic structure
what is the petiole?
leaf stem
what are the lead veins like in mono/dicots?
dicots- large central vein
monocots- parallel veins
what are the 3 types of leaf arrangements?
- alternate
- whorled
- opposite
all parts of flower and spines of cacti are what?
specialized leaves
succulents stop excessive water loss by having stomata in what?
pits
