Vertebrates 6

Question 1

Name 5 characteristics of Primates

Answer 1

-Arboreal ancestor
-Grasping limbs with opposable thumbs
-Forward-facing eyes
-Big cerebrum
-Highly social

Question 2

Two major primate groups?

Answer 2

-Prosimians
-Anthropoids

Question 3

Prosimians

Answer 3

-Lemurs
-Mostly arboreal and nocturnal
-Once found everywhere no only in madgascar
-Endangered

Question 4

Anthropoids (new world monkeys vs Old world)

Answer 4

New world monkeys:
- Prehensile tale(used to grasp/hold objects)
- flat noses
-arboreal
Old world Monkeys:
- no prehensile tail
-round nose

Question 5

Subgroup of old world monkeys

Answer 5

Gibbon, orang-utans, African apes
- no tail
-Gibbons:swing like tarzan, small, mostly arboreal
-Orangutans: too large and gravy to cross from one tree to another by branches and must go down to the ground and walk between
-African Apes: gorillas, chimpanzees

Question 6

Ardipithecus

Answer 6

-could stand up right
-Proved that standing upright came before the evolution of the brain
-Moved down to the ground

Question 7

Australopithecus

Answer 7

-“Lucy”
-Proved that bipedalism evolved before the brain fully evolved

Question 8

Early homo(2)

Answer 8

Homo habilis:
-Shorter jaw
-bigger brain
Homo Erectus:
-first use of fire as a tool
-thick skull
-Slightly smaller brain than humans

Question 9

Neanderthalensis

Answer 9

-coexisted with homosapiens
disappeared around the time when they came into contact with homo sapiens(extermination by homo sapiens)
-Bigger brains than homo sa-iens
-Bigger bodies than homo sapiens
-Using tools
-Had a social life

Question 10

Homo floresiensis

Answer 10

-Volcanic eruption probably caused extinction

Question 11

Did Homosapiens interbreed with Neanderthals?

Answer 11

-Outside of africa humans have neanderthal DNA
-Homo sapiens spread from Africa to europe 200000 years ago

Question 12

Why is neanderthal DNA been decreasing over time?

Answer 12

-some neanderthal genes are associated with increased risk of diseases which are not beneficial to humans

Question 13

Central nervous system of mammals

Answer 13

-Brain
-Spinal cord
-Both protected by bone

Question 14

Peripheral Nervous system

Answer 14

-Cranial nerves
-system of lateral nerves
-Spinal nerves

Question 15

Neural Afferents

Answer 15

Bring information to the central nervous center
Can bring conscious information: smell, taste, sight, sound
Can bring unconscious information: blood pressure, deep body temperature

Question 16

Neural Efferents

Answer 16

Take messages from the CNS and bring them to muscles and glands to affect movement.
Conscious - voluntary movements
Unconscious - Autonomic commands (sweating, heart rate, salivation)

Question 17

what is the cerebrum made up of? What is its function?

Answer 17

1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Occipital Lobe
   Functions:
   -Handles your conscious actions (cerebrum processes and manages everything your five senses take in)
   -Intellect, learning, memory, language

Question 18

Cerrebellum

Answer 18

-Coordination of complex motor patterns(balance)

Question 19

Brain Stem

Answer 19

-Controls heart, lungs and digestive system

Question 20

Diencephalon

Answer 20

-Control of homeostasis(maintains internal stability in humans)

Question 21

Limbic System

Answer 21

-Includes hippocampus, amygdala(recognizes and encodes for reactions to unpleasant sounds) and nucleus accumbens
-Responsible for hunger, thirst, emotions and long term memory
-Pleasure and pain sensors here