Plants 5 Lecture

Question 1

Angiosperms

Answer 1

Flowering and Seed Plants

Question 2

Adaptive Radiation

Answer 2

Fast evolution of many species from a single common ancestor. Tends to occur in environments with a variety of open niches.
Ex. Ancestor finch flew to the Galapagos. As thine finches went to different islands they evolved different traits(longer beaks, wider beaks) depending on their environment.

Question 3

Name the three adaptations that led to angiosperms outcompeting all other plants

Answer 3

1. Flowers
2. Fruits
3. More effective xylem (more transportation)

Question 4

How do flowers contribute to adaptive radiation and speciation?

Answer 4

Led to adaptive radiation and speciation(creation of new species).
Flowers decide where gametes go and cause gene mixing which leads to the formation of new species

Question 5

What is speciation?

Answer 5

The creation of new species

Question 6

What is a flower?

Answer 6

A protected ovule that is housed on a plants inside the ovary, contains male parts(stamen), female parts(carpel) or both. Males develop the pollen grain in the anther

Question 7

What leads to floral diversity(shapes, colours)?

Answer 7

The vast reproductive parts of flowers(carpel, stamen and petals) can be combined in a variety of ways which leads to floral diversity

Question 8

Goal of pollination

Answer 8

Get your pollen onto the receptive stigma another individual of your species. Pollen anywhere else is wasted.

Question 9

Angiosperm vs Gymnosperm pollination

Answer 9

Gymnosperms: Pollen is blown by wind to land on female cones (a lot of pollen is wasted)
Angiosperms: Rely on animals to take their pollen and bring it to the correct receptive stigma

Question 10

Floral Traits(purpose and examples)

Answer 10

Flowers evolved different traits to attract their pollinators and deter non-pollinators who might visit. Examples:
- Smell
-Colour
-Flowering times
-Shape

Question 11

Pollinator Mediated Speciation

Answer 11

The foraging behaviours of different pollinators selects for certain floral traits, these traits will become abundant. Ex. Fly likes to pollinate yellow flowers and a Bird likes to pollinate red ones but neither like orange. Yellow flowers and red flowers will become abundant but orange ones will disappear

Question 12

Fruit

Answer 12

The fruits is what occurs when the ovarian tissue that envelops the ovule develops

Question 13

Function of Fruits

Answer 13

1. Protect developping seed/ovule
2. Aid in seed dispersal
   - Fruits like flowers have different traits that attract different dispersers(ex. burs stick on animals fur)

Question 14

Non eaten fruit dispersal

Answer 14

• Dandelions(wind dispersal)
• Explosion(ballistic seed dispersal, fruit shoots seeds)
  -Coconut(ovarian tissue around helps to make sure coconut does not sink in water)

Question 15

Eaten fruit dispersal

Answer 15

-Animals eat fruits, digest the fruits but not their seeds, the seeds are then shit out in a new place (have nutrients from the shit and moist environment to grow)
- Squirrels hoard fruits(nuts) and forget about them

Question 16

Number of offspring Angiosperms vs Gymnosperms

Answer 16

Gymnosperms: Produce a lot of offspring
Angiosperms: Do not produce a lot of offspring because their offspring requires a lot of energy, however angiosperms offspring are much more provisioned and have higher chance of survival

Question 17

Monocots

Answer 17

Monocts:
- long thin leaves
- Under developed vascular tissue
-Lack woodiness
-Monophyletic
-Evolved from Dicots
Ex. Grass, corn, wheat, sugar cane, oats

Question 18

Dicots

Answer 18

-Branching in their leaves
-Developped vascular tissue
-Paraphyletic
Ex. Rose bushes, Maple trees(flowering trees)

Question 19

Modularity in Angiosperms

Answer 19

-Angiosperms can create multiple iterations of the same structure.
-Plants produce multiple morphological structures that can take each others place
ex. if you cut of the top branch or a tree, a side branch will replace it
create vastly different structures with the same tissue or similar structures with different tissues
Supports the diversity of morphological structures that we see in angiosperms

Question 20

Angiosperms and Humans

Answer 20

-Humans consume angiosperms everyday
-Flowers synthesize dyes
-Flowers scents: perfumes
-Heroin, opiates come from flowers

Question 21

Why does gene mixing need to stop in order to have speciation?

Answer 21

Gene mixing must stop because if the flowers just continuously mix they will never create two distinct flowers, they will just keep mixing

Question 22

Flowers vs Fruits

Answer 22

Flowers: responsible for reproduction
Fruits: Responsible for dispersal

Question 23

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 23

What occurs when organisms stop mixing genes, the first step of speciation

Question 25

Adaptive Significance

Answer 25

simple changes in flowers can lead to pollinator shifts