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Biology 11 > Vertebrates 1 > Flashcards

Vertebrates 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 3 characteristics that are unique to chordates?

A
  1. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord
  2. Notochord(long, rigid, fluid filled sheet that provides structure to the organism)
  3. Muscular, post-anal tail
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2
Q

Are chordates deuterostomes or protostomes?

A

Deuterostomes

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3
Q

What is a characteristic shared by all deuterostomes?

A

Pharyngeal Slits. Pouches located on the side of the head supported by pharyngeal arches. Lost in echinoderms. Similar structures can be found in humans ears and jaws

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4
Q

What type of feeding do fish do?

A

Filter feeding

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5
Q

How do pharyngeal slits work for food?

A

Water enters the mouth of the chordate and then exits out of the pharyngeal slits. As it exits the pharyngeal slits filter food out of the water.

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6
Q

How do pharyngeal slits work for reparation?

A

Water enters through the mouth and exits through the pharyngeal slits. As it exits O2 and CO2 are exchanged across the respiratory surface(gills)

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7
Q

Key Feature of vertebrates: Axial Skeleton

A

-Cranium(skull)
-Vertebral Column(spine)
-Ribs

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8
Q

Key feature of vertebrates: Appendicular Skeleton

A

-Pectoral girdle(arms)
-Pelvic girdle(legs)

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9
Q

Do vertebrates have opened or closed circulatory systems?

A

Closed(within vessels). Ventral heart

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10
Q

Key feature of vertebrates: Organs in coelom

A

Sac where organs are suspended

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11
Q

Another word for pharyngeal slits

A

Gill slits

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12
Q

Gill arches

A

-made up of cartilage and bone and support the gills

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13
Q

How gills exchange gasses?

A

O2 enter the mouth in the water and the water then passes over the gills. The gills filter out O2 as wells as food and CO2 and other waste is put back into the water

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14
Q

Operculum

A

covers and protects the gills

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15
Q

Why is it important the gill filaments are thin?

A

Gill filaments contain capillary beds that are used to exchange gases by having thin gill filaments this eases diffusion

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16
Q

How is O2 brought into the blood vessels of the gill arches?

A

Water comes through the mouth of the fish and then passes over its gills including its gill filaments. Gill filaments contain capillary beds that are connected to the blood vessels in the gill arches. When the oxygenated water passes over the filaments the O2 is diffused into the capillary beds and then brought to the rest of the fish

17
Q

Why is counter current exchange important for diffusion of O2?

A

Things like to flow from high concentration to low concentration. By having the water and blood flowing in opposite directions the water will always have more oxygen in it than the blood, so this results in more efficient exchange because O2 will constantly be flowing into the blood.

18
Q

Why is concurrent exchange inefficient?

A

When flowing the same direction the blood and water will eventually have the exact same amount of O2 in both of them. This will cause the gas exchange to stop because there is no longer a concentration gradient forcing the O2 to diffuse into the blood.

19
Q

Fish circulatory system

A

-Fish have closed circulatory systems
-Deoxygenated blood goes to the gills via arteries - blood is then oxygenated in the gills and is distributed among the body and then deoxygenated blood with CO2 is brought back to the gills
-Heart only has 2 chambers

20
Q

Are fish monophyletic?

A

NO(not a true evolutionary group)

21
Q

Examples of jawless fish

A

Hagfish, lamprey

22
Q

How do hagfish eat?

A

Hagfish tie a a knot in their tail and then move the know down their body till it reaches their head. Once at their head they will pull against the knot to pull pieces of food off the body

23
Q

how do lamprey eat?

A

Lamprey have an oral disc and they latch onto fish and suck juices from them

24
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed fishes

25
Q

Benefits of jaws

A

Able to chew hard things and eat a wider variety of foods

26
Q

Traits of gnathostomes

A

Jaws:
- Anterior gill arches became jaws
-Scales became teeth
Paired fins:
-On pectoral and pelvic girdle

27
Q

Benefits of paired fins

A

-more active swimming
-stability
-steering

28
Q

Cartilaginous fish

A

-skeleton made up of cartilage
-jaws
-paired fins
-gill slits
-scales(fist evolution of scales)
Ex. SHARKS

29
Q

After gnathostomes traits in fish included?

A

-Bony skeleton
-Jaws
-Swimbladder

30
Q

Swimbladder(functions)

A

-Controls buoyancy (as you move down the swim bladder deflates so you go down more, as you go up swim bladder inflates so that you go higher up
-Enables neutral buoyancy (maintains buoyancy)
-Gas regulated (burp air out to go up/swallow air to go down)

31
Q

What did the swim bladder evolve into?

A

-Evolved into tetrapod lungs(our lungs have their origin in the swim bladder)

32
Q

Two groups of bony fishes?

A

-Ray-finned
-Lobe-finned

Biology 11 (18 decks)

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