Vertebrates 3

Question 1

Reptiles vs Amphibians

Answer 1

Reptiles:
- More effiecient heart
-Breathe via lungs only
-Must conserve water
Reproduce & develop on land

Amphibians:
-Must reproduce in water
-Must remain close to water
-Less efficient heart
-Can breathe through gills

Question 2

Reptiles Reproduction Types

Answer 2

1. Amniotic Egg
2. Internal fertilization

Question 3

Amniotic Egg

Answer 3

-All reptiles must lay there eggs on land
-Has an external shell
-Shell is permeable to gasses(allowing diffusion)
-Impermeable to water
Albumen: provides water and mechanical support
Chrion: gas exchange
Yolk sac: Nutrients
Amnion: embryo
Allantois: waste

Question 4

Consequences of a terrestrial egg?

Answer 4

-must fertilize the egg before they are born(due to the shell)
-Internal fertilization (shell and albumen are added to the fertilized egg)

Question 5

How does the reptiles release excretory products?

Answer 5

-Salts and ions are released by skin, gills, kidneys or special glands
-Fecal matter is released by the digestive tract

Question 6

What causes nitrogenous wastes?

Answer 6

• Protein and DNA metabolism(common in carnivorous animals)
  -Metabolism of fats, carbs, proteins and nucleic acids causes nitrogenous waste biproducts such as ammonia, urea and uric acid

Question 7

Ammonia

Answer 7

-Very Soluble
-Very Toxic
-Needs to be diluted and disposed of quickly or converted to a less toxic form(uric acid)

Question 8

Who produces ammonia?

Answer 8

Ray-finned fish
Aquatic invertebrates
Larval amphibians

Question 9

Urea

Answer 9

-Soluble in water
-Medium level of toxicity
-Less water needed for disposal compared to ammonia

Question 10

Who produces urea?

Answer 10

-Adult amphibians
-Cartilaginous fish
-Mammals

Question 11

Uric Acid

Answer 11

-Insoluble in water
-Non toxic
-Little water needed for disposal(great for things that fly)

Question 12

Who produces Uric Acid?

Answer 12

-Insects
-Reptiles(perfect for the amniotic egg)
-Birds(perfect for the amniotic egg)

Question 13

What is the excretory organ in vertebrates and what does it do?

Answer 13

Kidney. Regulates levels of water and dissolves solutes in the blood to create urine

Question 14

How does the kidney work?

Answer 14

Blood goes into globarius and then anything large(glucose, water) is forced out of the globarius into the bowman’s capsule. Glucose and large items then go down the bloodstream and peritubular capillaries suck the nutrients such as glucose back and the urea back. The urea is then excreted back out again.

Question 15

Name the four reptile groups?

Answer 15

-Crocodilia
-Lepidosauria(lizards)
-Testudinia
-Squamates(snakes)

Question 16

What was the first amniote?

Answer 16

-Non avian reptiles

Question 17

How are reptiles ventricles separated?

Answer 17

By a septum

Question 18

Some reptiles have an additional circuit what is it and why do reptiles have?

Answer 18

Some reptiles have an additional circuit that does not pump blood at all to the respiratory surfaces(capillary beds/lungs). This means they don’t need to breathe a lot this is common in reptile who spend a lot of time underwater. Although they don’t need to breathe they still need to pump blood throughout their bodies which is why they have this shunt