Vertebrates 4

Question 1

What group do the birds belong to?

Answer 1

The reptile group

Question 2

Are reptiles monophyletic?

Answer 2

No they are not because they include birds

Question 3

Ancestor of birds?

Answer 3

Theropod dinosaur

Question 4

Shared characteristics between birds and the theropod?

Answer 4

-Bipedal(3 hind toe)
-Carnivorous
-4 chambered heart

Question 5

Archaeopteryx

Answer 5

-Fossil
-Evolutionary cousin to birds

Question 6

Characteristics of Birds

Answer 6

-Amniotes
-Endothermic
-4 chambered heart
-Most fly
-Feathers
-Diverse feet
-Diverse beaks(diverse diets)

Question 7

What is an amniote?

Answer 7

An organism whose embryo develops in an amniotic egg

Question 8

Things birds do well?

Answer 8

-Breathing
-Thermoregulation

Question 9

Two main classes of organisms in which they regulate heat and how they differ?

Answer 9

Endotherms: Generate their own internal heat through metabolic processes
Ectotherms: absorb heat from the outside environment

Question 10

Heterotherms vs Homeotherms

Answer 10

Heterotherms: Allow temperatures to fluctuate
Homeotherms: Keep their body at a constant temperature

Question 11

How do ectotherms and endotherms control temperature? and metabolic processes?

Answer 11

Ectotherms: as temperature increase their metabolism increases
Endotherms: as temperature increases metabolic rate increases to get rid of heat, as temperature decrease metabolic rate increase to produce heat

Question 12

Name the three mechanisms animals use to maintain body temperature?

Answer 12

1. Behavioural
   2.Physiological
2. Physical

Question 13

How do animals thermoregulate behaviourally?

Answer 13

Animals make behavioral choices so that they can better regulate their body temperature(ex. If it’s too hot outside, humans go inside)

Question 14

How do animals thermoregulate physiologically?

Answer 14

-Too hot: increase blood flow to periphery(loses heat), sweating(evaporative cooling), panting
-Too cold: decrease blood flow to periphery, shiver

Question 15

How do animals thermoregulate physically?

Answer 15

-Insulation(fur, feathers, fat)(keeps heat inside and from diffusing out)
-Surface area:volume(colder=bigger)(hotter=smaller)
-color(changes how much solar radiation is entering the body)

Question 16

Allen’s Rule

Answer 16

Rabbits in the north have short ears(don’t want long extremities that can get cold easily)
Rabbits in the south have long ears that allows them too be cooler

Question 17

Why do birds need good respiration?

Answer 17

For flying and endothermy both processes require lots of oxygen

Question 18

What is special about birds lungs?

Answer 18

-They have air sacs
-They don’t have tidal flow(air does not go in and out with every breath)

Question 19

How do Birds respire?

Answer 19

Breath One:
Bird breathes in, air enters the posterior air sacs. Bird breathes out, air enters the lung.
Breath Two:
Bird breathes in, air enters the anterior air sac, bird breathes out and the air leaves the bird via the air sac.

Question 20

How many times has flight evolved and in what groups?

Answer 20

-4 times
-Insects
-Birds
-Bats
-Pterosaurs

Question 21

What adaptations make birds better at flying?

Answer 21

-Hollow bones
-Enlarged sternum and keeled(attached to the muscles that power the bird to fly)(larger=larger muscles)
-Feathers

Question 22

What are the 4 functions of feathers? What are feathers made of? Skin of legs?

Answer 22

-insulation
-lining nests
-Flight
-Sensory structures
-B keratin derived from scales
-Birds have reptile like scaled skin on their legs

Question 23

Did flight evolve from the ground up or the trees down?

Answer 23

Most evidence shows the ground up