Vertebrate Body Plan

Question 1

the anatomical position is when a person is standing legs together feet on floor, hands at side, palms facing ______, head held erect and facing ______

Answer 1

anteriorly, anteriorly

Question 2

posterior or dorsal

Answer 2

nearer to the back side

Question 3

anterior or ventral

Answer 3

nearer to the front side

Question 4

superior or cranial

Answer 4

nearer to the head

Question 5

inferior or caudal

Answer 5

nearer to the feet

Question 6

medial

Answer 6

nearer to median plane

Question 7

lateral

Answer 7

farther from medial plane

Question 8

proximal

Answer 8

nearer to the trunk or point of origin

Question 9

distal

Answer 9

farther from the trunk or point of origin

Question 10

palmer

Answer 10

palm of hand (anterior)

Question 11

dorsal (hand)

Answer 11

dorsum (posterier)

Question 12

plantar

Answer 12

inferior foot surface (sole)

Question 13

dorsal (foot)

Answer 13

superior foot surface (dorsum)

Question 14

transverse plane is an imaginary line that divides the body into _____

Answer 14

upper and lower sections

Question 15

the sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into ____

Answer 15

left and right sections

Question 16

the frontal plane is a vertical plane that separates the body into _____

Answer 16

back and front sections

Question 17

epiblast cells migrate through the primative node and streak _____ to ______ and ______ to ______

Answer 17

caudal, cranial, medial, lateral

Question 18

a transverse cut of the embryo will ______ the caudal and cranial positions and the notochord will look like a dot

Answer 18

“seperate”

Question 19

a sagittal cut of the embryo will be straight through the ________ and the notochord will like a long tube

Answer 19

primitive streak

Question 20

the notochord is ______ derived and a precursor to ______ where it forms nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies form around notochord

Answer 20

mesodermal, axial skeleton

Question 21

somites are epithelial balls of cells formed in segmental pairs along the neural tube from paraxial _______; differentiates into ______, _______ of the back and body wall, and _______ of the skin

Answer 21

mesoderm, vertebrae, muscles, dermis

Question 22

neurulation occurs when the notochord forms from the _______ cells soon after gastrulation is complete, the signals from the notochord cause inward folding of _______ at the neural plate, lastly the ends of the _________ fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube

Answer 22

mesoderm, ectoderm, neural plate

Question 23

fertilization begins at conception, and embryology is taught using ________

Answer 23

days post fertilization

Question 24

gestational age begins two weeks earlier than fertilization, aka at the beginning of the______

Answer 24

last menstrual period

Question 25

the critical period of formation of the heart starts during the middle of week ____ and ends at around the end of week ___

Answer 25

3, 6

Question 26

the critical period of lower and upper limb formation happens between weeks ___ and ___

Answer 26

4,5

Question 27

a birth defect is a term for a congenital ______

Answer 27

malformation

Question 28

congenital disorder is a condition existing at ______ and often before _____, or that develops during the _____ month of life, regardless of causation

Answer 28

birth, birth, first

Question 29

teratology is the study of causes and biological processes leading to ______ development

Answer 29

abnormal

Question 30

teratogen is any agent that causes _______

Answer 30

birth defect

Question 31

critical period is the time of increased ______

Answer 31

sensitivity

Question 32

congenital anomalies can be caused by maternal _____, ________ factors, and _______ predisposition

Answer 32

age, environmental, genetic