Connective Tissue Flashcards
connective tissue is a diverse group of _______ within a ______
cells, extracellular matrix
the resident cells of the connective tissue always _______ in the connective tissue while wandering cells tend to ______
stay, come and go
connective tissue has the main functions of ______, _______, ______
support, defense, nutrition
connective tissue supports the tissue by supporting and providing ______
connections
the connective tissue provides defense by being the site of _______ and _________, and providing a physical ______
inflammatory, immune reactions, barrier
the connective tissue provides nutrition by being a reservoir for ______ and _______, storing energy in the form of _______, supporting ______, and providing a passage way for _______ and _______
water, electrolytes, triglycerides, blood vessels, nutrients, gases
the embryonic connective tissue is found in the ______ of a fetus and ______ after birth
umbilical cord, disappears
loose (areolar) connective tissue is made of ______, _______, and ______
cells, ground state, fibers
the loose (areolar) connective tissue supports the ______, surrounds ________, and fills spaces between ______
epithelial tissue, blood vessels, muscles
the loose (areolar) connective tissue allows for _______ of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste, causes _______ and ________ reactions, and provides structural ______
diffusion, inflammatory, immune, support
the lamina propria is always ________
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue has a prominent amount of ______ and little ______ and _____
fibers, ground substances, cells
dense connective tissue has two types called _____ and _____
regular, irregular
dense regular connective tissue has its fibers arranged in orderly ________ bundles
parallel
dense irregular tissue has its fibers arranged _________
randomly
dense regular ct is found in the _______, _______, and _______
tendons, ligaments, corneas
dense regular ct functions include transmitting the force of ________, attach ______ to ______ and provides _______
muscle contractions, muscles, bones, protection
dense irregular connective tissue is found in the ______ and ______
skin, GI tract
dense irregular ct provides tensile ______ and ______
strength, protection
the fibers in the connective tissue include _______ and _______ fibers
elastic, collagen
the collagen fiber system includes _______ fibers and _______ fiber
collagen, reticular
collagen fibers are the most abundant type are flexible yet have high ________, are ______ in structure and have variability in ______
tensile strength, wavy, width
collagen is synthesized by the hydroxylation of ______ and _____ which is dependent on _______
proline, lysine, vitamin C
pro-collagen molecules are synthesized and sent to the _____ where they are used to synthesize collagen outside the cell
golgi
______ synthesize a majority of the collagen
fibroblasts
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a required cofactor for the addition of ______ groups to proline and lysine residues
hydroxyl
a deficiency of water soluble vitamin c leads to the development of ______, which causes bone diseases and healing defects
scurvy
pro-collagen molecules overlap and form collagen ______, which bundle together to form a collagen _______
fibrils, fiber
reticular fibers are very fine _______ collagen fibers that form a _______ network rather than a thick bundle for support
type III , three dimensional
reticular fibers are produced by reticular cells and support ________ (bone marrow) and _______
hematopoietic, lymphoid organs
reticular fibers are stained with ______ due to the high concentration of _______
silver salts, sugar chains
type I collagen is found in the ______, ______, ________, and _______ due to its resistance to tension
dermis, tendon, bone, fibrocartilage
type II collagen is found in the ________ and ________ due to its resistance to pressure
hyaline cartilage , intervertebral disc
type III collagen is found in the ________ for maintenance of expansible organs
reticular connective tissue
type IV collagen is found in the ______ where it supports delicate structures and filtration
basal lamina
_______ are responsible for elasticity, resilience and shape control and allows tissues to respond to stress and distension
elastic fibers
elastic fibers are typically thinner than collagen fibers and are synthesized by _______, _______ and _______
fibroblasts (skin and tendons), chondroblasts (elastic cartilage), smooth muscle (in blood vessels)
elastic fibers consist of a core of the protein ______
elastin
osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by a defect in collagen synthesis, most frequently ______, which causes _______
type I, bone defects
_______ is a defect in collagen synthesis which causes fragile, hyper extensible skin, hypermobile joints, and wound healing is poor
ehlers-danlos syndromes
_______ is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene resulting in a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers
marfan syndrome
_______ can cause tall stature, long fingers, mitral valve prolapse, bilateral subluxation of lens, aortic aneurysm and aortic distension
marfan syndrome
ground substance is colorless, has high _____ content, and fills the _____ between cells and fibers
water, spaces
the functions of ground substance include ______, ______ of water soluble molecules, _________ cells through cell-ECM adhesion, binds and retains ________, and transmits _______
lubrication, diffusion, anchors, growth factors, information
the three types of ground substances include _________, _________ and ________
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
examples of glycosaminoglycans include ________, ________, and _______
dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid
examples of proteoglycans include ______ and ______
aggrecan, syndecan
examples of glycoproteins include _______, ________, and _______
integrin, fibronetic, laminin
dermatan sulfate helps mediate _________(fibrosis)
wound repair
keratan sulfate is related to cell _______, axonal _______, and embryo ______-
motility, guidance, implantation
hyaluronic acid is a major component of mucus connective tissue in the _______, and is a major component in _______
umbilical cord, cartilage
aggrecan is related to hydration of the ______
ECM
syndecan facilitates interactions between the proteins of _____ and the ______
ECM, actin cytoskeleton
integrin binds cells to the ______
ECM
fibronectin binds many _____ components and attach to _____
ECM, integrins
laminin mediates attachment to __________
basement membrane
glycosaminoglycans are ________ polysaccharide chains
unbranched
proteoglycans are large macromolecules with a ______
protein core
multiadhesive glycoproteins stabilize the _____ and link it to cell surfaces
ECM
hyaluronic acid is present as a free carbohydrate chain that is ______ covalently bound to the protein
not
proteoglycans indirectly bind to HA by __________ thereby giant aggregates
linker proteins
hyaluronic acid is found in cartilage and important in immobilizing molecules like_______
growth factors
hyaluronic acid is an effective ______, preventing diffusion through the dense network
insulator
the proteoglycan aggregate is extremely _______
hydrophillic
multi adhesive glycoproteins facilitate attachment between the _____ and ______ elements or the connective tissue elements to connective tissue elements
cell, connective tissue
the two enzymes that help break down the extracellular matrix include ______ and __________
hyaluronidases, matrix metalloproteinases
hyaluronidases are enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid and lower the ______ of the connective tissue which increases tissue ______
viscosity, permeability
hyaluronidases are important in _____ delivery, bacterial _____ and the metastatic potential of ______
drug, infections, tumors
matrix metalloproteinases are important in tissue _______ and degradation of the ________
remodeling, extracellular matrix
tumor invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis require the participation of _________ whos expression increases in association with tumorigenesis
matrix metalloproteinases
fibroblasts synthesis precursors of _______ like collagen and elastic fibers
ground substances
_______ are the most common cell type, rarely divide but are capable in response to injury or inflammation
fibroblasts
specialized fibroblasts are called _______
myofibroblasts
active fibroblasts have large, _______ nuclei while inactive fibroblasts are smaller with more _______ nuclei
euchromatic, heterochromatic
macrophages are phagocytic meaning they contain _______ and _______ and they contain many phagocytic vesicles for storage of ingested material
lysosomes, residual bodies
macrophages initiate the ______ response that releases cytokines, and presents antigens to _______
immune, lymphocytes
macrophages secrete ______
hydrolytic enzymes
mast cells arise from _______ in the bone marrow
multipotent hematopoietic stem cells
mast cells are oval to round cells with microvilli with the nucleus being centrally located and expressing _______
IgE receptors
mast cells have a cytoplasm filled with secretory granules containing ______, _______, ________ mediators and _______ factors
heprin, histamine, vasoactive, chemotactic
adipose tissue is specialized connective tissue that functions as a depot for ______, fills spaces between _______, secretes ______ and _______ substances
triglycerides, tissues, paracrine, endocrine
adipose tissue insulates the body against _______, and provides a ______ for certain anatomical parts behaving as shock absorbers
heat loss, cushion
adipocytes are resident cells in connective tissue and there are two types called _________ and _________
unilocular/white, multilocular/brown
unilocular/white adipocytes function as metabolic energy _______, ______, ________, and hormone ________
stores, insulators, cushioners, producers
multilocular/brown adipocytes function in ______ production (thermogenesis)
heat
unilocular adipocytes contain one large _______ and secrete ________ that surround the adipocyte
lipid droplet, reticular fibers
multilocular adipocytes are present at fetal life for the first decade after birth, contain ______ lipid droplets, and have eccentric nucleus and numerous ______
multiple, mitochondria
the five wandering cells in connective tissue include ________, _________, ________, ________, and _______
esinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
plasma cells are _________-derived, _______ producing cells that are oval in shape, and contain eccentric nuclei that is _____ shaped
lymphocyte, antibody, wheel
leucocytes (WBC) travel into the connective tissue via ______ which increases during _______
diapedesis, inflammation
