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Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue is a diverse group of _______ within a ______

A

cells, extracellular matrix

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2
Q

the resident cells of the connective tissue always _______ in the connective tissue while wandering cells tend to ______

A

stay, come and go

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3
Q

connective tissue has the main functions of ______, _______, ______

A

support, defense, nutrition

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4
Q

connective tissue supports the tissue by supporting and providing ______

A

connections

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5
Q

the connective tissue provides defense by being the site of _______ and _________, and providing a physical ______

A

inflammatory, immune reactions, barrier

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6
Q

the connective tissue provides nutrition by being a reservoir for ______ and _______, storing energy in the form of _______, supporting ______, and providing a passage way for _______ and _______

A

water, electrolytes, triglycerides, blood vessels, nutrients, gases

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7
Q

the embryonic connective tissue is found in the ______ of a fetus and ______ after birth

A

umbilical cord, disappears

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8
Q

loose (areolar) connective tissue is made of ______, _______, and ______

A

cells, ground state, fibers

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9
Q

the loose (areolar) connective tissue supports the ______, surrounds ________, and fills spaces between ______

A

epithelial tissue, blood vessels, muscles

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10
Q

the loose (areolar) connective tissue allows for _______ of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste, causes _______ and ________ reactions, and provides structural ______

A

diffusion, inflammatory, immune, support

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10
Q

the lamina propria is always ________

A

loose connective tissue

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11
Q

dense connective tissue has a prominent amount of ______ and little ______ and _____

A

fibers, ground substances, cells

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12
Q

dense connective tissue has two types called _____ and _____

A

regular, irregular

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13
Q

dense regular connective tissue has its fibers arranged in orderly ________ bundles

A

parallel

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14
Q

dense irregular tissue has its fibers arranged _________

A

randomly

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15
Q

dense regular ct is found in the _______, _______, and _______

A

tendons, ligaments, corneas

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16
Q

dense regular ct functions include transmitting the force of ________, attach ______ to ______ and provides _______

A

muscle contractions, muscles, bones, protection

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17
Q

dense irregular connective tissue is found in the ______ and ______

A

skin, GI tract

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18
Q

dense irregular ct provides tensile ______ and ______

A

strength, protection

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19
Q

the fibers in the connective tissue include _______ and _______ fibers

A

elastic, collagen

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20
Q

the collagen fiber system includes _______ fibers and _______ fiber

A

collagen, reticular

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21
Q

collagen fibers are the most abundant type are flexible yet have high ________, are ______ in structure and have variability in ______

A

tensile strength, wavy, width

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22
Q

collagen is synthesized by the hydroxylation of ______ and _____ which is dependent on _______

A

proline, lysine, vitamin C

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23
Q

pro-collagen molecules are synthesized and sent to the _____ where they are used to synthesize collagen outside the cell

A

golgi

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24
Q

______ synthesize a majority of the collagen

A

fibroblasts

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25
Q

vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a required cofactor for the addition of ______ groups to proline and lysine residues

A

hydroxyl

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26
Q

a deficiency of water soluble vitamin c leads to the development of ______, which causes bone diseases and healing defects

A

scurvy

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27
Q

pro-collagen molecules overlap and form collagen ______, which bundle together to form a collagen _______

A

fibrils, fiber

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28
Q

reticular fibers are very fine _______ collagen fibers that form a _______ network rather than a thick bundle for support

A

type III , three dimensional

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29
Q

reticular fibers are produced by reticular cells and support ________ (bone marrow) and _______

A

hematopoietic, lymphoid organs

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30
Q

reticular fibers are stained with ______ due to the high concentration of _______

A

silver salts, sugar chains

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31
Q

type I collagen is found in the ______, ______, ________, and _______ due to its resistance to tension

A

dermis, tendon, bone, fibrocartilage

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32
Q

type II collagen is found in the ________ and ________ due to its resistance to pressure

A

hyaline cartilage , intervertebral disc

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33
Q

type III collagen is found in the ________ for maintenance of expansible organs

A

reticular connective tissue

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34
Q

type IV collagen is found in the ______ where it supports delicate structures and filtration

A

basal lamina

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35
Q

_______ are responsible for elasticity, resilience and shape control and allows tissues to respond to stress and distension

A

elastic fibers

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36
Q

elastic fibers are typically thinner than collagen fibers and are synthesized by _______, _______ and _______

A

fibroblasts (skin and tendons), chondroblasts (elastic cartilage), smooth muscle (in blood vessels)

37
Q

elastic fibers consist of a core of the protein ______

A

elastin

38
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by a defect in collagen synthesis, most frequently ______, which causes _______

A

type I, bone defects

39
Q

_______ is a defect in collagen synthesis which causes fragile, hyper extensible skin, hypermobile joints, and wound healing is poor

A

ehlers-danlos syndromes

40
Q

_______ is caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene resulting in a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers

A

marfan syndrome

41
Q

_______ can cause tall stature, long fingers, mitral valve prolapse, bilateral subluxation of lens, aortic aneurysm and aortic distension

A

marfan syndrome

42
Q

ground substance is colorless, has high _____ content, and fills the _____ between cells and fibers

A

water, spaces

43
Q

the functions of ground substance include ______, ______ of water soluble molecules, _________ cells through cell-ECM adhesion, binds and retains ________, and transmits _______

A

lubrication, diffusion, anchors, growth factors, information

44
Q

the three types of ground substances include _________, _________ and ________

A

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

45
Q

examples of glycosaminoglycans include ________, ________, and _______

A

dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid

46
Q

examples of proteoglycans include ______ and ______

A

aggrecan, syndecan

47
Q

examples of glycoproteins include _______, ________, and _______

A

integrin, fibronetic, laminin

48
Q

dermatan sulfate helps mediate _________(fibrosis)

A

wound repair

49
Q

keratan sulfate is related to cell _______, axonal _______, and embryo ______-

A

motility, guidance, implantation

50
Q

hyaluronic acid is a major component of mucus connective tissue in the _______, and is a major component in _______

A

umbilical cord, cartilage

51
Q

aggrecan is related to hydration of the ______

A

ECM

52
Q

syndecan facilitates interactions between the proteins of _____ and the ______

A

ECM, actin cytoskeleton

53
Q

integrin binds cells to the ______

A

ECM

54
Q

fibronectin binds many _____ components and attach to _____

A

ECM, integrins

55
Q

laminin mediates attachment to __________

A

basement membrane

56
Q

glycosaminoglycans are ________ polysaccharide chains

A

unbranched

57
Q

proteoglycans are large macromolecules with a ______

A

protein core

58
Q

multiadhesive glycoproteins stabilize the _____ and link it to cell surfaces

A

ECM

59
Q

hyaluronic acid is present as a free carbohydrate chain that is ______ covalently bound to the protein

A

not

60
Q

proteoglycans indirectly bind to HA by __________ thereby giant aggregates

A

linker proteins

61
Q

hyaluronic acid is found in cartilage and important in immobilizing molecules like_______

A

growth factors

62
Q

hyaluronic acid is an effective ______, preventing diffusion through the dense network

A

insulator

63
Q

the proteoglycan aggregate is extremely _______

A

hydrophillic

64
Q

multi adhesive glycoproteins facilitate attachment between the _____ and ______ elements or the connective tissue elements to connective tissue elements

A

cell, connective tissue

65
Q

the two enzymes that help break down the extracellular matrix include ______ and __________

A

hyaluronidases, matrix metalloproteinases

66
Q

hyaluronidases are enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid and lower the ______ of the connective tissue which increases tissue ______

A

viscosity, permeability

67
Q

hyaluronidases are important in _____ delivery, bacterial _____ and the metastatic potential of ______

A

drug, infections, tumors

68
Q

matrix metalloproteinases are important in tissue _______ and degradation of the ________

A

remodeling, extracellular matrix

69
Q

tumor invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis require the participation of _________ whos expression increases in association with tumorigenesis

A

matrix metalloproteinases

70
Q

fibroblasts synthesis precursors of _______ like collagen and elastic fibers

A

ground substances

71
Q

_______ are the most common cell type, rarely divide but are capable in response to injury or inflammation

A

fibroblasts

72
Q

specialized fibroblasts are called _______

A

myofibroblasts

73
Q

active fibroblasts have large, _______ nuclei while inactive fibroblasts are smaller with more _______ nuclei

A

euchromatic, heterochromatic

74
Q

macrophages are phagocytic meaning they contain _______ and _______ and they contain many phagocytic vesicles for storage of ingested material

A

lysosomes, residual bodies

75
Q

macrophages initiate the ______ response that releases cytokines, and presents antigens to _______

A

immune, lymphocytes

76
Q

macrophages secrete ______

A

hydrolytic enzymes

77
Q

mast cells arise from _______ in the bone marrow

A

multipotent hematopoietic stem cells

78
Q

mast cells are oval to round cells with microvilli with the nucleus being centrally located and expressing _______

A

IgE receptors

79
Q

mast cells have a cytoplasm filled with secretory granules containing ______, _______, ________ mediators and _______ factors

A

heprin, histamine, vasoactive, chemotactic

80
Q

adipose tissue is specialized connective tissue that functions as a depot for ______, fills spaces between _______, secretes ______ and _______ substances

A

triglycerides, tissues, paracrine, endocrine

81
Q

adipose tissue insulates the body against _______, and provides a ______ for certain anatomical parts behaving as shock absorbers

A

heat loss, cushion

82
Q

adipocytes are resident cells in connective tissue and there are two types called _________ and _________

A

unilocular/white, multilocular/brown

83
Q

unilocular/white adipocytes function as metabolic energy _______, ______, ________, and hormone ________

A

stores, insulators, cushioners, producers

84
Q

multilocular/brown adipocytes function in ______ production (thermogenesis)

A

heat

85
Q

unilocular adipocytes contain one large _______ and secrete ________ that surround the adipocyte

A

lipid droplet, reticular fibers

86
Q

multilocular adipocytes are present at fetal life for the first decade after birth, contain ______ lipid droplets, and have eccentric nucleus and numerous ______

A

multiple, mitochondria

87
Q

the five wandering cells in connective tissue include ________, _________, ________, ________, and _______

A

esinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

88
Q

plasma cells are _________-derived, _______ producing cells that are oval in shape, and contain eccentric nuclei that is _____ shaped

A

lymphocyte, antibody, wheel

89
Q

leucocytes (WBC) travel into the connective tissue via ______ which increases during _______

A

diapedesis, inflammation

Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 (6 decks)

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