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Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 > Cell Staining/Histology > Flashcards

Cell Staining/Histology Flashcards

1
Q

cells that carry out the same general ______ are grouped together as tissues

A

function

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2
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve

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3
Q

epithelial tissue _____ and _______ surfaces

A

covers, lines

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4
Q

connective tissue functions in _______, _______, and ________

A

packing, supporting, connecting

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5
Q

muscle tissue functions in _______

A

contractility

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6
Q

nerve tissue functions in ________ and ________

A

irritability, conduction

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7
Q

During the fixation stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy small pieces are placed in solutions of _______ that preserve by _________ and inactivating __________

A

chemicals, cross linking proteins, degradative enzymes

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8
Q

During the dehydration stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the tissue is placed in _______ to remove all the _____

A

alcohol, water

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9
Q

During the embedding stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the paraffin infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted ______ and allowed to harden

A

paraffin

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10
Q

During the trimming and sectioning stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the paraffin block is ______ to expose the tissue for sectioning on a microtome

A

trimmed

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11
Q

plane of sectioning in a complex organ is when you examine sections cut in _______

A

different planes

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12
Q

the three types of sectioning used for examination of specimen include _______, _______, and ________

A

longitudinal, cross, oblique

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13
Q

the reason stain is used is many because most cells and extracellular materials are completely ______

A

colorless

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14
Q

most dyes behave like acids or bases and form _______ with molecules in tissues

A

salt linkages

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15
Q

the basic dyes include ________, _______, and ________

A

toluidine blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin

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16
Q

the acidic dyes include _____ and _____

A

eosin, fuchsin

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17
Q

basic dyes react with ______ molecules in the _______ and acidic dyes react with _______ molecules in the _______

A

acidic, nucleus, basic, mitochondria

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18
Q

cell components such as nucleic acids with a net _______ charge (anionic) stain more readily with ______ dyes and are termed basophillic

A

negative, basic

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19
Q

catatonic components, such as _______ with many ionized amino groups have affinity for _____ dyes and are termed acidophilic

A

proteins, acidic

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20
Q

artificial spaces can be caused by _______ due to fixation, dehydration and embedding, ________ that were not retained after fixation or removed during dehydration (ex. glycogen, lipids), winkles in _____, and precipitate of _____

A

shrinkage, loss of molecules, tissue, stain

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21
Q

PAS or periodic acid schiff reaction is good for staining ______, _______, ______, ______, and ______

A

mucus, microvilli, glycogen, BM, epithelial

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22
Q

sudan black is good for staining _______ and ______

A

fats, myelin

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23
Q

transmission electron microscopy permits very high _______ and magnification up to 400,000x

A

resolution

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24
Q

dark areas in transmission electron microscopy are called electron _______ where light areas are called electron _____

A

dense, lucent

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25
Q

transmission electron microscopy uses a beam of ______ instead of light to look through the specimen

A

electrons

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26
Q

scanning electron microscopy shows only the ______ view

A

surface

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27
Q

scanning electron microscopy uses a ______ to scan the surface

A

beam

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28
Q

the cell is surrounded by a ________, can be divided into the _____ and ______, and contains organelles

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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29
Q

the nucleus is a membrane limited compartment that contains the ________

A

genome (genetic information)

30
Q

the nucleus functions in ________ and produces ribosomal subunits in the _______ and exports them into the cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes

A

cellular regulation, nucleolus

31
Q

the nuclear OUTER membrane faces the ______, bears _______ and is continuous at certain sites with the _______

A

cytoplasm, ribosomes, rough ER

32
Q

the INNER nuclear membrane faces the _______ and is supported on its inner surface by the ________ and functions to stabilize the nucleus

A

nuclear material, nuclear lamina

33
Q

mutations in nuclear lamina can cause _______

A

muscular dystrophy

34
Q

the nuclear lamina is a type of _______ filament

A

intermediate

35
Q

the nuclear envelope and pores use _______ to mediate transport of molecules ______ than 9nm using receptors and energy

A

active processes, larger

36
Q

the nuclear envelope and pores use the water filled channels of the nuclear pore complex to allow ______ and _______ to cross using ______

A

ions, small water soluble molecules (less than 9 daltons) simple diffusion

37
Q

a nucleosome is a DNA sequence wrapped around a core of ______ proteins, and is the basic repeating subunit of _______ packaged inside the cells nucleus

A

histone, chromatin

38
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A

heterochromatin and euchromatin

39
Q

heterochromatin is the ______, _______ form of chromatin that is transcriptionally ________, cannot be read for replication and stains ______

A

closed condensed, inactive, dark

40
Q

euchromatin is the ______ form of chromatin that is transcriptionally ______, ready to be replicated and stains _____

A

open, active, light

41
Q

the nucleolus is spherical, ______, and the site of ________ and initial _______ assembly

A

basophilic, ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosomal

42
Q

transcription is the process of transcribing DNA into RNA using the enzyme _______

A

RNA polymerase

43
Q

translation is the process of transcribing RNA into a protein using _____ as the sites

A

ribosomes

44
Q

the cytoplasm is everything inside the cell but outside the ______ while the cytosol is dissolved ______, ______, soluble and insoluble _____ and ______

A

nucleus, nutrients, proteins, waste, ions

45
Q

ribosomes are non-membraneous, small, _____ staining granules that read the ________ sequence and translates the genetic code into specific _______ used to form a _____, they are either free or bound to the ER

A

dark, messenger RNA , amino acids, protein

46
Q

the endoplasmic reticulum is network of intercommunicating _______ and ______ formed by a continuous membrane where some regions bear polysomes (rER) and others appearing smooth (sER)

A

channels, sacs/cisternae

47
Q

the rER is continuous with the ______ and the _____

A

nuclear envelope, sER

48
Q

polyribosomes are ribosomes associated with -_____ and occur in the ______ or on the _____ membranes

A

mRNA, cytosol, rER

49
Q

the ROUGH ER functions in protein synthesis of _______ proteins (albumin, hormones, milk proteins, receptors, antibodies, collagen, enzymes, lipoproteins)
and _______ and is where _______ glycosylation occurs

A

secretory , neurotransmitters, N linked

50
Q

N linked glycosylation in the rough ER occurs when ______ is attached to a _______ molecule of an amino acid
**More common than o linked

A

glycan (oligosaccharide) , nitrogen

51
Q

regulated secretion is a process where proteins are released from the cell in response to a______
**ex: pancreatic acinar cells

A

specific signal

52
Q

constitutive secretion is a process where cells are ______ secreted regardless of external factors
**ex: hepatocytes

A

continuously

53
Q

the SMOOTH ER functions in the synthesis and breakdown of ______, ______ of drugs, synthesis of ________, ________, ________ and ________ and the uptake and release of _____ in the ______ cells

A

glycogen, detoxification, lipoproteins, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, calcium, muscle

54
Q

the enzymes involved in making steroid hormones are located in the ______ membrane

A

sER

55
Q

the golgi complex is a stack of membrane bound disc shaped envelopes, that have _______ surface for transport vesicles and _______ surface

A

exporting (trans), receiving (cis)

56
Q

the golgi complex functions in the ________ of proteins, ______ glycosylation of proteins, synthesis of _______, synthesis of _______ and sphingomyelins

A

post-translational modification, O-linked, lipoproteins, glycolipids

57
Q

O-linked glycosylation of proteins occurs when glycan is attached to an ______ molecule on an amino acid
**added sugars used as recognition signals

A

oxygen

58
Q

mitochondria transform chemical energy into high energy phosphate bonds in _____, perform __________, synthesize ________, involved in the uptake and release of ______, regulates _________

A

ATP, beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids, steroid hormones, calcium, apoptosis

59
Q

lysosomes are membrane bound organelles containing ______ enzymes, have acidic contents of about a pH of ______ and have electron dense ______ contents

A

hydrolytic, 4.5-5.5, heterogeneous

60
Q

lysosomes function in digestion of ingested materials and aged or ______ organelles, degradation of ______, breaking down _____ during _______ remodeling, and destruction of worn-out organelles

A

damaged, bacteria, bone, bone

61
Q

lysosomal storage disease is caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes for ______ in the lysosomes which results in accumulation of the _______ for lysosomal digestion

A

proteins, substrates

62
Q

peroxisomes/microbodies are membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes which function in -________, synthesis of _________ and _________ and degradation of _______

A

lipid metabolism (beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids), cholesterol, plasmalogens, hydrogen peroxide

63
Q

Zellweger’s / Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome is a fatal disease due to absence of _______ due to inability to break down _______ and _________ causes membrane injury, demyelination, and muscle weakness

A

peroxisomal enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, long chain fatty acids

64
Q

plasma membrane is a lipid barrier that forms the cell boundary, contains _______, ______ and _______ and functions in a physical _______, selective ________, ________ gradients, and ________

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins with oligosaccharide chains, barrier, permeability, electrochemical, communication

65
Q

the carbohydrates of the plasma membrane attach to proteins, forming _______, forms the cell coat _________, establishes extracellular microenvironment, and aid in metabolism, cell recognition, cell association, receptor sites for hormones etc

A

glycoproteins, (glycocalyx) “sugar coat”

66
Q

secretory granules serve as _______ for selected secretory products and can be seen in many cell types such as mast cells, pancreatic acinar cells etc

A

storage pools

67
Q

glycogen inclusions are highly branched polymers used as a storage material for ______….. ______ and _______ cells contain alot of glycogen

A

glucose, liver, striated muscle

68
Q

lipid/fat droplets are inclusions that can be abundant in certain types of cells and serve as an ______ as well as a source of _____ which can be used in _______ formation

A

energy store, lipids, steroid hormone

69
Q

trichrome is a stain that stains collagen (CT) _____, muscle _____, and RBC _____

A

blue, red, yellow or red

70
Q

H & E staining don’t stain cells with ______ or _____ because they get washed out with alcohol prep

A

fats, mucus

71
Q

sudan black staining causes lipids to stain _____; good for _____ and _____

A

black, fat, myelin

Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 (6 decks)

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