Cell Staining/Histology Flashcards
cells that carry out the same general ______ are grouped together as tissues
function
What are the 4 basic tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve
epithelial tissue _____ and _______ surfaces
covers, lines
connective tissue functions in _______, _______, and ________
packing, supporting, connecting
muscle tissue functions in _______
contractility
nerve tissue functions in ________ and ________
irritability, conduction
During the fixation stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy small pieces are placed in solutions of _______ that preserve by _________ and inactivating __________
chemicals, cross linking proteins, degradative enzymes
During the dehydration stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the tissue is placed in _______ to remove all the _____
alcohol, water
During the embedding stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the paraffin infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted ______ and allowed to harden
paraffin
During the trimming and sectioning stage of preparing a tissue for microscopy the paraffin block is ______ to expose the tissue for sectioning on a microtome
trimmed
plane of sectioning in a complex organ is when you examine sections cut in _______
different planes
the three types of sectioning used for examination of specimen include _______, _______, and ________
longitudinal, cross, oblique
the reason stain is used is many because most cells and extracellular materials are completely ______
colorless
most dyes behave like acids or bases and form _______ with molecules in tissues
salt linkages
the basic dyes include ________, _______, and ________
toluidine blue, methylene blue, hematoxylin
the acidic dyes include _____ and _____
eosin, fuchsin
basic dyes react with ______ molecules in the _______ and acidic dyes react with _______ molecules in the _______
acidic, nucleus, basic, mitochondria
cell components such as nucleic acids with a net _______ charge (anionic) stain more readily with ______ dyes and are termed basophillic
negative, basic
catatonic components, such as _______ with many ionized amino groups have affinity for _____ dyes and are termed acidophilic
proteins, acidic
artificial spaces can be caused by _______ due to fixation, dehydration and embedding, ________ that were not retained after fixation or removed during dehydration (ex. glycogen, lipids), winkles in _____, and precipitate of _____
shrinkage, loss of molecules, tissue, stain
PAS or periodic acid schiff reaction is good for staining ______, _______, ______, ______, and ______
mucus, microvilli, glycogen, BM, epithelial
sudan black is good for staining _______ and ______
fats, myelin
transmission electron microscopy permits very high _______ and magnification up to 400,000x
resolution
dark areas in transmission electron microscopy are called electron _______ where light areas are called electron _____
dense, lucent
transmission electron microscopy uses a beam of ______ instead of light to look through the specimen
electrons
scanning electron microscopy shows only the ______ view
surface
scanning electron microscopy uses a ______ to scan the surface
beam
the cell is surrounded by a ________, can be divided into the _____ and ______, and contains organelles
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
the nucleus is a membrane limited compartment that contains the ________
genome (genetic information)
the nucleus functions in ________ and produces ribosomal subunits in the _______ and exports them into the cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
cellular regulation, nucleolus
the nuclear OUTER membrane faces the ______, bears _______ and is continuous at certain sites with the _______
cytoplasm, ribosomes, rough ER
the INNER nuclear membrane faces the _______ and is supported on its inner surface by the ________ and functions to stabilize the nucleus
nuclear material, nuclear lamina
mutations in nuclear lamina can cause _______
muscular dystrophy
the nuclear lamina is a type of _______ filament
intermediate
the nuclear envelope and pores use _______ to mediate transport of molecules ______ than 9nm using receptors and energy
active processes, larger
the nuclear envelope and pores use the water filled channels of the nuclear pore complex to allow ______ and _______ to cross using ______
ions, small water soluble molecules (less than 9 daltons) simple diffusion
a nucleosome is a DNA sequence wrapped around a core of ______ proteins, and is the basic repeating subunit of _______ packaged inside the cells nucleus
histone, chromatin
What are the two types of chromatin?
heterochromatin and euchromatin
heterochromatin is the ______, _______ form of chromatin that is transcriptionally ________, cannot be read for replication and stains ______
closed condensed, inactive, dark
euchromatin is the ______ form of chromatin that is transcriptionally ______, ready to be replicated and stains _____
open, active, light
the nucleolus is spherical, ______, and the site of ________ and initial _______ assembly
basophilic, ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosomal
transcription is the process of transcribing DNA into RNA using the enzyme _______
RNA polymerase
translation is the process of transcribing RNA into a protein using _____ as the sites
ribosomes
the cytoplasm is everything inside the cell but outside the ______ while the cytosol is dissolved ______, ______, soluble and insoluble _____ and ______
nucleus, nutrients, proteins, waste, ions
ribosomes are non-membraneous, small, _____ staining granules that read the ________ sequence and translates the genetic code into specific _______ used to form a _____, they are either free or bound to the ER
dark, messenger RNA , amino acids, protein
the endoplasmic reticulum is network of intercommunicating _______ and ______ formed by a continuous membrane where some regions bear polysomes (rER) and others appearing smooth (sER)
channels, sacs/cisternae
the rER is continuous with the ______ and the _____
nuclear envelope, sER
polyribosomes are ribosomes associated with -_____ and occur in the ______ or on the _____ membranes
mRNA, cytosol, rER
the ROUGH ER functions in protein synthesis of _______ proteins (albumin, hormones, milk proteins, receptors, antibodies, collagen, enzymes, lipoproteins)
and _______ and is where _______ glycosylation occurs
secretory , neurotransmitters, N linked
N linked glycosylation in the rough ER occurs when ______ is attached to a _______ molecule of an amino acid
**More common than o linked
glycan (oligosaccharide) , nitrogen
regulated secretion is a process where proteins are released from the cell in response to a______
**ex: pancreatic acinar cells
specific signal
constitutive secretion is a process where cells are ______ secreted regardless of external factors
**ex: hepatocytes
continuously
the SMOOTH ER functions in the synthesis and breakdown of ______, ______ of drugs, synthesis of ________, ________, ________ and ________ and the uptake and release of _____ in the ______ cells
glycogen, detoxification, lipoproteins, cholesterol, bile salts, steroid hormones, calcium, muscle
the enzymes involved in making steroid hormones are located in the ______ membrane
sER
the golgi complex is a stack of membrane bound disc shaped envelopes, that have _______ surface for transport vesicles and _______ surface
exporting (trans), receiving (cis)
the golgi complex functions in the ________ of proteins, ______ glycosylation of proteins, synthesis of _______, synthesis of _______ and sphingomyelins
post-translational modification, O-linked, lipoproteins, glycolipids
O-linked glycosylation of proteins occurs when glycan is attached to an ______ molecule on an amino acid
**added sugars used as recognition signals
oxygen
mitochondria transform chemical energy into high energy phosphate bonds in _____, perform __________, synthesize ________, involved in the uptake and release of ______, regulates _________
ATP, beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids, steroid hormones, calcium, apoptosis
lysosomes are membrane bound organelles containing ______ enzymes, have acidic contents of about a pH of ______ and have electron dense ______ contents
hydrolytic, 4.5-5.5, heterogeneous
lysosomes function in digestion of ingested materials and aged or ______ organelles, degradation of ______, breaking down _____ during _______ remodeling, and destruction of worn-out organelles
damaged, bacteria, bone, bone
lysosomal storage disease is caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes for ______ in the lysosomes which results in accumulation of the _______ for lysosomal digestion
proteins, substrates
peroxisomes/microbodies are membrane bound organelles containing oxidative enzymes which function in -________, synthesis of _________ and _________ and degradation of _______
lipid metabolism (beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids), cholesterol, plasmalogens, hydrogen peroxide
Zellweger’s / Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome is a fatal disease due to absence of _______ due to inability to break down _______ and _________ causes membrane injury, demyelination, and muscle weakness
peroxisomal enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, long chain fatty acids
plasma membrane is a lipid barrier that forms the cell boundary, contains _______, ______ and _______ and functions in a physical _______, selective ________, ________ gradients, and ________
phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins with oligosaccharide chains, barrier, permeability, electrochemical, communication
the carbohydrates of the plasma membrane attach to proteins, forming _______, forms the cell coat _________, establishes extracellular microenvironment, and aid in metabolism, cell recognition, cell association, receptor sites for hormones etc
glycoproteins, (glycocalyx) “sugar coat”
secretory granules serve as _______ for selected secretory products and can be seen in many cell types such as mast cells, pancreatic acinar cells etc
storage pools
glycogen inclusions are highly branched polymers used as a storage material for ______….. ______ and _______ cells contain alot of glycogen
glucose, liver, striated muscle
lipid/fat droplets are inclusions that can be abundant in certain types of cells and serve as an ______ as well as a source of _____ which can be used in _______ formation
energy store, lipids, steroid hormone
trichrome is a stain that stains collagen (CT) _____, muscle _____, and RBC _____
blue, red, yellow or red
H & E staining don’t stain cells with ______ or _____ because they get washed out with alcohol prep
fats, mucus
sudan black staining causes lipids to stain _____; good for _____ and _____
black, fat, myelin
