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Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 > cytoskeleton > Flashcards

cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

the cytoskeleton is a system of _______ that provide for the architecture, shape and motility of cells and for the direct movement of ______ and ______

A

protein polymers, organelles, molecules

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2
Q

components of the cytoskeleton include ________, __________, ___________ and a host of ________ and ___________ proteins

A

microtubules, microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, accessory, regulatory

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3
Q

microtubules are composed of _______ dimers made up of ________ and ______

A

tubulin, alpha, beta tubulin

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4
Q

tubulin is a _______

A

GTPase

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5
Q

microtubules are hollow with an outside diameter of ______

A

24 nm

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6
Q

accessory proteins called __________ stabilize and space the polymers and ________ between cytoskeletal elements

A

microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), regulate interactions

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7
Q

microtubules are highly ______ if not stabilized and can undergo rapid bouts of assembly and disassembly

A

dynamic

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8
Q

microtubules act as _______ for microtubule based motor proteins to transport cargo

A

substrate

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9
Q

microtubules are _______ polymers with a plus end and a minus end

A

polarized

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10
Q

the plus end of the microtubule is _______ with _______ rates of tubulin addition and removal and is the end closest to the cytoplasm

A

dynamic (lengthens and shortens), faster

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11
Q

the minus end of a microtubule is embedded in the ________ and has _____ rates of tubulin addition

A

centrosome, slower

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12
Q

microtubules make up the _________, provide a road for transport in most ______ cells, the key determinate of cell _________, very important in _______ for shape and axonal transport, and provide a backbone for _______ and _______

A

mitotic spindle, interphase, shape, neurons, cilia, flagella

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13
Q

microtubules are composed of _____ protofilaments which are stacks of tubulin dimers

A

13

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14
Q

the polymerization phase of the microtubule is considered the _______ phase where ______ is needed for building and is attached

A

rescue, GTP

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15
Q

the depolymerization phase of the microtubule is considered the _______ phase where ______ is attached when breaking down due to a loss of a phosphate

A

catastrophe, GDP

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16
Q

the two microtubule associated motor proteins include ______ and _______

A

dynein, kinesin

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17
Q

on a microtubule, dynein moves towards the ______ end while kinesin moves towards the ______ end while both using ATP to move

A

negative, plus

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18
Q

the head domain of microtubule associated motor proteins is attached at the ______ and “walks” along it

A

microtubule

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19
Q

the light and or intermediate chains of the microtubule associated motor proteins decide _________, regulates the _________ and the ______

A

what cargo will be carried, motor protein, speed

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20
Q

microtubule structural non-motor proteins function to _______, regulate ________, and regulate ________ example is ______

A

organize, stability, dynamics, tau and MAP-1,2,3,4 etc

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21
Q

nucleation is the process of creating a cytoskeletal polymer or_________ from scratch

A

microtubule

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22
Q

polymerization is the _______ of a cytoskeletal polymer following nucleation

A

elongation

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23
Q

nucleation occurs at the _______ and it is located near the ______

A

centrosome, nucleus

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24
Q

a centrosome is composed of two cylindrical structures called ______, arranged ________ to each other and surrounded by a protein rich matrix known as the ________

A

centrioles, perpendicular, periocentriolar material

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25
Q

gamma tubulin is required only for _______ of microtubules and is only found in the ________

A

nucleation, centrosome

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26
Q

cilia and sperm tails are _______ based structures used for movement

A

microtubule

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27
Q

the basal body is the ______ center and _______ organizing center for cilia and flagella

A

nucleation, microtubule

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28
Q

the _______ is the 9+2 microtubule structure of cilia and flagella

A

axoneme

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29
Q

_____ drives the axonemal motility of of cilia and flagella inside the axoneme

A

dynein

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30
Q

immotile cilia syndrome is a body wide defect in axonemal structure that results in obstructive ____ disease and ______ males

A

lung, sterile

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31
Q

_________ syndrome is a combination of situs inversus (reversal of normal body asymmetry) and immotile cilia syndrome

A

kartageners

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32
Q

In cancer cells, microtubules are ______ in therapeutics in order to try and block cell division

A

targets

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33
Q

lissencephaly (smooth brain) is caused by mutations in the microtubule proteins _____ and ______, is the inability of microtubules to move and fold the brain

A

L1S1, doublecortin

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34
Q

neurodegenerative disorders are abnormalities/mutations in ______, _______, _______ and ________

A

tau, dynein, kinesin, spastin

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35
Q

charcot marie tooth disease type 2A

A

a neurological disease caused by mutations in a specific kinesin

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36
Q

neurotopic viruses exploit the neuron’s microtubule based _______ to reach cell bodies and infect it, the vectors bind to the _______

A

transport system, motor proteins

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37
Q

microfilaments are non-hallow polymers of the globular protein ________

A

actin

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38
Q

actin is an ______ that is helical in structure (two chains wrapped around each other)

A

ATPase

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39
Q

actin is roughly ______ in diameter

A

7 nm

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40
Q

actin is ______ if not stabilized; can undergo rapid bouts of assembly and disassembly

A

highly dynamic

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41
Q

actin has a huge array of ________ regulated by ________

A

configurations, accessory proteins

42
Q

microfilaments act as substrate for members of the ______ family of motor proteins to move along and carry cargo

A

myosin

43
Q

unlike microtubules, actin filaments do _____ have specific organizing centers like centrosome and can be nucleated _______ in the cell

A

not, almost anywhere

44
Q

actin filaments are polarized filaments with a barbed and pointed end where the _______ end favors assembly and the ______ end does not

A

barbed, pointed

45
Q

myosin motors read the polarity of microfilaments and move from one end to the other but most move towards the _____ end

A

barbed

46
Q

microfilaments functions include concentration in the cell cortex for various functions, cleavage furrow ______ during mitosis, cell ______ , organelle _______, and contractility

A

pinching, motility, transport

47
Q

_________ is an accessory protein often bound to the structure of actin filaments

A

tropomyosin

48
Q

there are three actin isoforms which include ____, _____, and ______

A

alpha, beta, gamma

49
Q

_____ actin is muscle specific where _____ and ____ are found in most cells

A

alpha, beta, gamma

50
Q

actin must be _____ loaded for nucleation and polymerization

A

ATP

51
Q

nucleation promoting factors (NPF) activate the __________ which regulates actin nucleation by adding actin monomers to produce _______ actin filaments

A

Arp2/3 complex, branched

52
Q

spire is a protein that ______ actin on the ______ end and helps initiate the _______ of actin and protects from disassembly

A

nucleates, pointed, assembly

53
Q

formins are a protein that ______ existing actin on the ______ end and helps initiate the _______ of actin elongation

A

nucleates, barbed, assembly

54
Q

monomer sequestering is when a actin monomer is bound to ______ and cannot be used until the protein is _____

A

depolymerizing protein, removed

55
Q

capping is when a cap is placed on ______ end of actin and stops ________ to make short capped filaments

A

barbed, polymerization

56
Q

cross linking is when _______ actin filaments or ______ filaments, create _________ or _______ that have structural functions and other functions within cytoplasm

A

short capped , long , bundles, networks

57
Q

annealing is when ________ actin filaments are joined together to make a ______ filament

A

short uncapped , long

58
Q

in fibroblasts the actin cytoskeleton is organized into stress fibers which are composed of ______, _______ and _______ where the function is mainly in _______

A

myosin, alpha actin, formins, contractility

59
Q

the leading edge meshworks of fibroblasts are composed of ______ at the edge of the cells that are formed and controlled by ________, ______ and _______

A

actin filaments, Arp2/3 complex, profilin, cofilin

60
Q

the sarcomere is composed of actin filaments that overlap with their ______ on the outside and _______ on the inside

A

pointed ends, barbed ends

61
Q

myosins and f-actin are associated with force by generating mechanoenzymes with roles in _______ and intracellular _______ that allows ______ to contract

A

contractility, transport, sarcomeres

62
Q

myosin I and myosin v contain ______ light chains that are phosphorylated once ______ is present binds

A

calmodulin, calcium

63
Q

myosin II contains an ______ and ______ light chain

A

essential, regulatory

64
Q

the _______ light chain of myosin II acts as an off/on switch
for muscle contractions by controlling the accessibility of myosin ______ which is controlled by ______

A

regulatory, heads, kinases

65
Q

the essential light chain of myosin II is vital in proper ______ of the myosin motor protein

A

function

66
Q

_____ is the main movement myosin in all muscles

A

myosin II

67
Q

during cytokinesis _____ and ______ are located at the contractile ring (cleavage furrow) during cell division and pinches off cells,______ is located at the poles

A

F actin, myosin II, myosin I

68
Q

_______ are actin based epithelial projections where in the small intestines they increase surface area for absorption

A

microvilli

69
Q

The _____ end of the actin filaments are located at the tip of the microvilli

A

barbed

70
Q

in the ear cells ______ detect sound waves

A

sterocilia

71
Q

The ______ domain of lateral arms binds to the membrane in microvilli where the arms are made of ______ and ______

A

hydrophobic , calmodulin, myosin I

72
Q

the lateral arms in microvilli attach to _____ filaments, that make up the structure, and stabilizes the filaments by binding to the ______

A

actin, membrane

73
Q

______ and ______ stabilize the array of microfilaments in the microvilli

A

Villin, fimbrin

74
Q

the physical link between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular environment provides ___

A

Mechanical continuity

75
Q

F actin serves as scaffolding for spectrin web in the ______ cytoskeleton

A

red blood cell

76
Q

hereditary spherocytosis is an actin malfunction disease which deforms ______ to fragile spherocytes because of weakened _______of spectrin to band 4.1

A

red blood cells, binding affinity

77
Q

hereditary elliptocytosis is an actin malfunction disease that deforms red blood cells into fragile elliptocytes because of _______ of spectrin

A

incomplete formation

78
Q

breast cancer, in some forms the actin associated protein_____, which links integrin receptors to the actin cytoskeleton, is disrupted promoting _____ migration of cancer cells

A

tensin, metastatic

79
Q

familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is caused by a specific mutation in _____

A

cardiac actin

80
Q

mutations in skeletal muscle actin are associated with _________ characterized by the structural abnormalities of the muscle and variable degrees of muscle ______

A

congenital myopathies, weakness

81
Q

myosin VI mutations cause _____ due to improper formation of _______

A

deafness, stereocilia

82
Q

myosin VII mutations are associated with deafness, ________, and ______ (usher syndrome type 1)

A

neurological disorder, blindness

83
Q

phalloidin is a type of toxin from mushrooms that binds to and stabilizes _______

A

actin filaments

84
Q

bacteria pathogens use the cytoskeletal elements by developing ________ to help move around bacterium

A

actin-Nucleation-like proteins

85
Q

intermediate filaments are ______ and are comparatively _______ (much more stable)

A

non-polarized, non-dynamic

86
Q

intermediate filaments fill spaces within cells, give cells tensile _____, and are important at cell _____

A

strength, junctions

87
Q

intermediate filaments are _______ across cell types and different cell types have different kinds of intermediate filaments

A

much less conserved

88
Q

______ filaments can be used as cell specific markers

A

intermediate

89
Q

intermediate filaments form when two monomers form a parallel ________, then two ______ form a antiparallel tetramer which interact in a staggered array and continue to stack in an array of ________, the filament then lengthens and winds into a ______ like structure

A

coiled-coil dimer, dimers, 8 tetramers, rope

90
Q

type I _______ and type II _______ intermediate filaments are found in ________ and ______ derivatives (hair, nails etc)

A

acid keratin, basic/neutral keratin, epithelial cells, epidermal

91
Q

type III _______, _______, and _______ intermediate filaments are found in cells of mesenchymal origin (fibroblasts), muscle cells and glial cells respectively

A

vimentin, desmin, glial fibrilry acidic protein

92
Q

type IV neurofilament protein intermediate filaments are found in ______

A

neurons

93
Q

type V nuclear lamins A, B, and C intermediate filaments are found in the ______

A

nuclear lamina of all nucleated cells

94
Q

epidermolysis bullosa simplex is caused by a mutation in ______ genes expressed in basal cell layer of _____, results in a skin that is very sensitive to mechanical injury

A

keratin, epidermis

95
Q

progeria is a fast aging disease associated with a mutation in _____ protein

A

nuclear lamina

96
Q

desmins are mutated in ______

A

cardiomyopathies

97
Q

keratins are mutated in greater than ____ diseases

A

20

98
Q

neurofilament proteins are linked to small subunit mutation in the IF/2E forms of _______

A

Charcot-Marie tooth disease

99
Q

peripherin is induced after ______

A

peripheral nerve injury

100
Q

Glial fibrillary acidic protein is mutated in Alexander disease a leukodystrophy, which results in abnormal _____

A

myelin

Anatomical Sciences Exam 1 (6 decks)

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