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A&P1 Test 4 Regional Anatomy of Head, Neck, Torso, and Abd > Vertebral skeleton and blood supply of vertebra > Flashcards

Vertebral skeleton and blood supply of vertebra Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae compose the spine and how many are in each regions

A

26 total

Cervical=7
Thoracic=12
Lumbar=5
Sacral=1 (5 fused)
Coccyx= 1 (5 fused)
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2
Q

What are the 4 normal vertebral curves and which way is the direction of the curve

A

Cervical= convex anteriorly
Thoracic=convex posteriorly
Lumbar=convex anteriorly
Sacral=convex posteriorly

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3
Q

What curves are primary curves and which are secondary curves

A

primary curves= thoracic and sacral

secondary curves=cervical and lumbar

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4
Q

When do the secondary curves develop

A

cervical= when the baby can hold/lift own his head ~4 months

lumbar= when the infant can walk ~12 months

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5
Q

Describe kyphosis

A

increased thoracic curvature

aka humpback or in older women Dowagers hump

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6
Q

Describe lordosis

A

increased lumbar curvature w/ increased anterior rotation of the pelvis associated with weakened trunk muscles

think fat people or pregnancy

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7
Q

Describe scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine accompanied by the rotation of the vertebrae with the spinous process turn to the abd cavity

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8
Q

What are the 2 areas of the vertebral arch

A
  • pedicles=connects lamina to vertebral body, creates lateral walls of the vertebral foramen
  • laminae= creates the arch/ posterior portion of vertebral foramen (where the spinal cord passes through)
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9
Q

What are the 7 processes of the spine from lateral to medial

A
  • transverse x2
  • superior articular processes x2 (L and R)
  • inferior articular processes x 2 (L and R)
  • spinous process
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10
Q

Differentiate between the intervertebral foramina and the vertebral foramen

A

intervertebral foramina=between 2 vertebrae were spinal nerves pop out

vertebral foramen= spinal canal

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11
Q

Describe the atlas and axis in terms of alternate names, what joints they form and their movements

A

C1 and C2

Form part of the 2 craniovertebral joints

  • atlanto-occipital joint
  • atlanto-axial joint

Atlas = nodding movement

Axis= lateral movement like when signifying no

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12
Q

What is the dens of the axis

A

aka odontoid process, part of the axis that slips into the atlas

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13
Q

What is the transverse ligament

A

strong band extending between the L and R tubercles of the atlas (C1) forming the posterior wall of the socket of the dens, which holds the dens in place against the anterior arch of atlas (C1)

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14
Q

What is a hangman’s fx, and how is it caused

A

fx of both pedicles of C2 caused by forcible hyperextension of the head (chin strike w/ the neck in extension) usually caused by falls, MVA, sports

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15
Q

Does a hangman’s fx expand or constrict the spinal canal at C2

A

expand, so survival is relatively common

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16
Q

Describe physical characteristics of the typical cervical vertebrae

A
  • smaller bodies but larger spinal canal
  • shorter transverse processes that contain a transverse foramen for vertebral artery passage
  • spinous process often bifurcated
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17
Q

What is the vertebra prominins

A

c7, it is different from the other cervical vertebrae

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18
Q

What is the tectorial membrane

A

membrane that is continuous with the posterior ligament across the atlantoaxial joint that attaches to the central floor of the cranial cavity

19
Q

Describe physical characteristics of the typical thoracic vertebrae

A
  • Larger and stronger bodies than cervical vertebrae for attachment with ribs
  • Longer transverse and spinous process
  • contain facets and demi facets
20
Q

Where do the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

head of the rib articulates with the vertebral body

tubercle of the ribs articulates with the transverse process

21
Q

Describe physical characteristics of the typical lumbar vertebrae

A
  • strongest and largest vertebrae

- blunted/short thick spinous and transvers processes

22
Q

Describe physical characteristics of the typical sacral vertebrae

A
  • S1-S5 are fused
  • serve as a foundation for the pelvic girdle
  • has the sacral canal=continuation of the vertebral canal and it contains the nerve roots of the cauda equina
23
Q

What are the 3 sacral crest and what do they represent

A

Median crest= fused rudimentary spinal processes

Medial (intermediate) crest= represents fused articular processes

Lateral sacral crest= tips of the transverse processes fused

24
Q

What is the sacral hiatus and how can you find it

A
  • Absence of the spinous process on S5 (sometimes S4)

- Sacral cornu (inferior articular process of S5) can as a guide to locate sacral hiatus

25
Q

What is caudal anesthesia and when is it used

A

aka epidural block, local anesthetic agent is injected to sacral canal at the sacral hiatus which numbness from the wait to the knees

-used in labor

26
Q

Describe physical characteristics of the typical coccyx vertebrae

A
  • fusion of 4 coccyx vertebrae

- coccygeal cornua=rudimentary articular processes

27
Q

Describe location, composition and function of intervertebral discs

A

Location=between adjacent vertebrae

Composition= fibrocartilaginous ring w/ pulpy center

Function= absorb vertical shock and permit movement of the vertebral column

28
Q

What is a herniated intervertebral disc and what can it cause

A

Flexion of the vertebral column causes the the pulpy center of the disc to be pushed to a thin part of the anulus fibrosus this can causes compression of the spinal cord but more commonly it compresses the nerve root INFERIORLY to the disc

29
Q

What can happen when the neck undergoes hyperflexion and when can this happen

A
  • intervertebral discs rupture posteriorly w/o fx vertebral, most commonly ruptured disc are C5-C6 and C6-C7
  • can happen when people tackle w/ their neck down
30
Q

What can happen when the neck undergoes hyperextension and when can this happen

A

may lead to stretch or tear of the anterior longitudinal ligament

commonly seen in rear end MVA

aka whiplash

31
Q

What are zygapophysial joints and what movement do the permit

A
  • synovial joints between the arches of the vertebrae, aka facet joints
  • permit sliding between the superior and inferior articular processes
32
Q

What are inter-transverse ligaments

A

ligament that connects adjacent transverse processes

33
Q

What are lateral costotransverse ligaments

A

ligament that connects trabeculae of a rib to its corresponding transverse process

34
Q

What are the 2 ligaments that connect adjacent spinous processes

A
  • Interspinous ligament

- supraspinous ligament

35
Q

What happens when there is an injury/disease of a zygapophysial joint

A

it affects adjacent spinal nerves and causes pain along the distribution patterns of the dermatomes and muscles spasms from the associate myotomes

36
Q

Describe foraminal stenosis

A

narrowing of one or more of the spinal foramina which causes pain

  • often seen in C5/C6, C6/C7, L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1
  • if in lumbar region you will see pain after standing/walking for longer periods
37
Q

Describe the anterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • Band of fibrous tissue that runs from the atlas to the sacrum that connects anterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
  • it prevents hyperextension
38
Q

Describe the posterior longitudinal ligament

A
  • Band of fibrous tissue that runs from the atlas to the sacrum that connects posterior aspects of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
  • it prevents hyperflexion
39
Q

Which is stronger the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

40
Q

What is the ligamenta flava

A

yellow broad elastic fibrous tissue that joins adjacent laminae of the vertebral arches

-prevents separation of the vertebral lamina

41
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae

A

the thickening of the supraspinous ligament from C7 to the occipital protuberance

42
Q

What artery supply the vertebrae

A

the segmental artery

43
Q

Describe venous drainage of the vertebral column

A

-composed of anterior and posterior venous plexuses
with both the anterior and posterior containing internal and external plexuses

-it is lacks valves that can allow backward flow

A&P1 Test 4 Regional Anatomy of Head, Neck, Torso, and Abd (13 decks)

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